FIGURE 3.

Chronic ethanol feeding shifts Kupffer cells to an M1 phenotype, and treatment of Kupffer cells with flAcrp promotes M2 macrophage polarization. Primary cultures of Kupffer cells isolated from pair-fed and EtOH-fed rats were cultured overnight in the absence or presence of 45 nm gAcrp or flAcrp for 18 h. Expression of Arg-1, MMR, IL-4Rα, and inducible NOS mRNA relative to 18 S mRNA was measured in Kupffer cells not treated with adiponectin (A) or after 18 h of culture with adiponectin (B). A, values are expressed relative to Kupffer cells from pair-fed rats not treated with gAcrp. n = 4. + indicates EtOH-fed compared with pair-fed (p < 0.05). B, values are expressed relative to Kupffer cells not treated with adiponectin. Values with different superscripts (a–d) are significantly different from each other (p < 0.05).