DAR1 Asp and Ser racemase activities. CE-LIF electropherograms of enzyme reactions with four substrates (A) l-Asp, (B) d-Asp, (C) l-Ser, and (D) d-Ser. l-Asp/d-Asp (80 mm), or l-Ser/d-Ser (10 mm), were incubated with 1 μg of enzyme and cofactors in a 150-μl reaction buffer of 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 (Asp reactions), or in 25 mm Tris-HCl, pH 9.0 (Ser reactions), at 30 °C for 2.5 h. A substrate starting concentration of 12 μm l-Asp, 4 μm d-Asp, 20 μm l-Ser, or 20 μm d-Ser was injected into the capillary. Migration time: time for analytes moving from the capillary injection site to detection window.