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. 2010 Oct 28;155(1):293–314. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.165910

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© 2011 American Society of Plant Biologists

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Figure 4. — Effect of the cac1a-1 mutation on embryo and endosperm development. Developing ovules and embryos were examined by CSLM (A–C, J–O, S–U) and SEM (D–I, P–R, V–X), at 3 DAF (A–L), 5 DAF (M–R), and 7 DAF (S–X). em, Embryo; en, endosperm; s, suspensor; oi, outer integument; ii, inner integument; ph, phragmoplasts; cw, cell wall; den, degenerated endosperm. As labeled, the development of the ovules and embryos were compared on sibling plants that were grown side by side, but carried either wild-type alleles at the CAC1A locus (WT) or were heterozygous for the cac1a-1 allele (cac1a). As described in the “Materials and Methods,” for CSLM, flowers and siliques were fixed, cleared, and the enclosed ovules examined in the intact organs. For SEM, collected flowers and siliques were fixed with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, post fixed in OsO₄, and following dehydration and drying, the ovules were fractured and examined. A to L, At 3 DAF, aberrations in ovule development are apparent in plants carrying the cac1a-1 allele. In wild-type plants, the embryos (em) are at the 32-cell stage, whereas in cac1a-1 plants 16-cell (B) and four-cell (C) embryos are present. Formation of cellular connections between sister and nonsister nuclei has begun to take place in the endosperm (en) of wild-type plants (D, G, J), but this process is delayed and less regular in aberrant ovules of cac1a-1 plants (E, F, H, I, K, L). Bars = 50 μm (A–C, J–L); or 10 μm (D–I). M to R, At 5 DAF, aberrations in ovule development become more apparent in plants carrying the cac1a-1 allele. Wild-type embryos are at the heart stage of development (M) and the endosperm has begun to cellularize (P). In cac1a-1 plants, the aberrantly developing ovules have globular embryos with highly vacuolated cells (N and O). In the most severely aberrant ovules, the embryo sac has collapsed (O). Endosperm is uncellularized or aberrantly cellularized and sometimes degenerated (den; Q and R). Bars = 50 μm (M–O); 10 μm (P–R). S to X, At 7 DAF, the aberrant ovules in the cac1a-1 plants have ceased development at the globular or heart stages (T and U), the endosperm is degenerated, and the embryo sacs are often collapsed (W and X). In contrast, in the wild-type siblings the embryos are at the torpedo stage (S) and the endosperm is fully cellularized (V). Bars = 50 μm (S–U); 10 μm (V–X).

Figure 4. — Effect of the cac1a-1 mutation on embryo and endosperm development. Developing ovules and embryos were examined by CSLM (A–C, J–O, S–U) and SEM (D–I, P–R, V–X), at 3 DAF (A–L), 5 DAF (M–R), and 7 DAF (S–X). em, Embryo; en, endosperm; s, suspensor; oi, outer integument; ii, inner integument; ph, phragmoplasts; cw, cell wall; den, degenerated endosperm. As labeled, the development of the ovules and embryos were compared on sibling plants that were grown side by side, but carried either wild-type alleles at the CAC1A locus (WT) or were heterozygous for the cac1a-1 allele (cac1a). As described in the “Materials and Methods,” for CSLM, flowers and siliques were fixed, cleared, and the enclosed ovules examined in the intact organs. For SEM, collected flowers and siliques were fixed with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, post fixed in OsO₄, and following dehydration and drying, the ovules were fractured and examined. A to L, At 3 DAF, aberrations in ovule development are apparent in plants carrying the cac1a-1 allele. In wild-type plants, the embryos (em) are at the 32-cell stage, whereas in cac1a-1 plants 16-cell (B) and four-cell (C) embryos are present. Formation of cellular connections between sister and nonsister nuclei has begun to take place in the endosperm (en) of wild-type plants (D, G, J), but this process is delayed and less regular in aberrant ovules of cac1a-1 plants (E, F, H, I, K, L). Bars = 50 μm (A–C, J–L); or 10 μm (D–I). M to R, At 5 DAF, aberrations in ovule development become more apparent in plants carrying the cac1a-1 allele. Wild-type embryos are at the heart stage of development (M) and the endosperm has begun to cellularize (P). In cac1a-1 plants, the aberrantly developing ovules have globular embryos with highly vacuolated cells (N and O). In the most severely aberrant ovules, the embryo sac has collapsed (O). Endosperm is uncellularized or aberrantly cellularized and sometimes degenerated (den; Q and R). Bars = 50 μm (M–O); 10 μm (P–R). S to X, At 7 DAF, the aberrant ovules in the cac1a-1 plants have ceased development at the globular or heart stages (T and U), the endosperm is degenerated, and the embryo sacs are often collapsed (W and X). In contrast, in the wild-type siblings the embryos are at the torpedo stage (S) and the endosperm is fully cellularized (V). Bars = 50 μm (S–U); 10 μm (V–X).