(a) Current-voltage response of a bare quartz nanopipette at pH 2.6 (), 5.5 (), 6.7(), and 9.0(); (b) Dependence of ion-current rectification (ICR) response on electrolyte pH for a bare quartz nanopipette; (c) Current-voltage response of DHI-modified nanopipette at pH 2.6 (), 5.5 (), 6.7 (), and 9.0 (); (d) Dependence of ion-current rectification response on electrolyte pH for a DHI-modified nanopipette.