Table 1.
Substances associated with autoimmunity in humans and the animal models used to examine disease mechanisms.
| Drugs/Chemicals a | Human disease | Animal model b | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drugs (procainamide) | Drug-induced lupus | Mouse | |
| - central tolerance | 16, 17, 18,19 | ||
| - DNA methylation | 10, 11, 12 | ||
| Silica/Asbestos | Lupus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis | Mouse | |
| - C57Bl/6 | 38 | ||
| - lupus-prone | 32, 33, 34 | ||
| Adulterated rapseed oil | Toxic Oil Syndrome | Mouse | |
| - B10.S | 42, 43 | ||
| - lupus-prone | 44 | ||
| Iodine | Thyroiditis | Mouse | |
| - NOD-H-2h4 | 119 | ||
| Trichloroethylene | Hypersensitivity skin disorder, Scleroderma, Hepatitis | Mouse | |
| - lupus prone | 153, 154, 155 | ||
| - lupus prone (prenatal) | 156 | ||
| Metals (Hg, Au, Ag) | Nephropathy, Autoantibodies | Mouse | |
| - B10.S | (Hg) 46, 47 (Ag) 47, 49 (Au) 48 | ||
| - lupus-prone | 76, 108 | ||
| TCDD, dioxinc | Anti-nuclear autoantibodies, | Mouse | |
| - GVHDd | 149 | ||
| - EAEe | 150 | ||
| - neonatal exposure | 152 | ||
| Pesticides/Fungicides (Hexachlorobenzene) | Chronic inflammatory response | Rat | 162 |
| Mouse | |||
| - lupus prone | 164 | ||
| Mineral oil (Pristane, TMPDf) | Chronic inflammatory response (follicular lipidosis) | Mouse | |
| - C57BL/6, BALB/c | 134, 139 | ||
| - lupus prone | 135 | ||
a
Where multiple examples of a drug or chemical exist only those discussed in the text or cited in the accompanying publications are noted.
b
In many studies examining the lupus-inducing potential of toxins mouse strains that are prone to develop lupus spontaneously (e.g. NZBWF1, NZM, BXSB, MRL) are used as models of sensitive populations to determine if a specific drug or chemical exposure can affect the natural progression of disease.
c
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
d
Graft versus host disease
e
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
f
tetramethylpentadecane