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. 2011 May 1;214(9):1428–1436. doi: 10.1242/jeb.052027

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Fig. 6. — Statistical comparison of between Kármán gaiting (KG) and other behaviors at 3.5 L s^–1. Kármán gaiting requires significantly less oxygen than swimming in the free stream (FS; 47%) and bow waking (BW; 73%), but requires more oxygen than entraining (EN; 116%). Kármán gaiting fish use less oxygen (79%) compared with fish swimming in the free stream at 1.8 L s^–1 (asterisk). This supports the original hypothesis that Kármán gaiting fish save energy by exploiting vortices in addition to receiving the benefit of the velocity deficit behind a cylinder (Liao et al., 2003a). Note that the average for FS at 1.8 L s^–1 was not included in the original ANOVA analysis (see text). Values are means ± s.e.m.

Inline graphic — Statistical comparison of between Kármán gaiting (KG) and other behaviors at 3.5 L s^–1. Kármán gaiting requires significantly less oxygen than swimming in the free stream (FS; 47%) and bow waking (BW; 73%), but requires more oxygen than entraining (EN; 116%). Kármán gaiting fish use less oxygen (79%) compared with fish swimming in the free stream at 1.8 L s^–1 (asterisk). This supports the original hypothesis that Kármán gaiting fish save energy by exploiting vortices in addition to receiving the benefit of the velocity deficit behind a cylinder (Liao et al., 2003a). Note that the average for FS at 1.8 L s^–1 was not included in the original ANOVA analysis (see text). Values are means ± s.e.m.