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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Addict. 2011 Mar 17;20(3):228–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00128.x

Table 4.

Raw Scores, Main Analyses, and Analyses of Main and Interaction Effects of Neuropsychological Outcomes.

Group
^1		 Group
2		 Group
3		 Group
4		 Main Analyses Analyses Based on Model Adjusted
for Significantly Correlated Covariatesd 		Analyses Based on Model
Adjusted for All Covariatese
Mean
(S.D.)		 Unadjusted
Model		 Model
Adjusted for
Significantly
Correlated
Covariatesd 		Model
Adjusted
for All
Covariatese 		Main Effect
of Age,
Effect Sizef 		Main Effect
of Cocaine,
Effect Size		 Interaction Effect
of Age & Cocaine,
Effect Size		 Post-hoc Tests^ Main Effect
of Age,
Effect Size		 Interaction Effect
of Age & Cocaine,
Effect Size		 Post-hoc Tests^
MMSEa 28.2
(2.04)		 29.5
(0.76)		 29.3
(1.03)		 29.4
(0.81)		 F(3,76) =
4.42** 		F(6,73) =
8.29** 		F(7,72) =
7.53** 		F(1,73) =
6.88**,
0.262		 ns ns ns F(1,72) =
8.79**,
0.297		 ns ns
Digit Span
Forwardb 		9.20
(1.94)		 11.4
(2.37)		 11.0
(2.29)		 10.2
(2.31)		 F(3,76) =
3.78* 		F(6,73) =
7.04** 		F(7,72) =
5.95** 		ns ns F(1,73) = 5.81*,
0.239		 Group 2 > 1:
F(4,35) = 5.52***
Group 3 > 4:
F(4,35) = 5.48***
Group 3 > 1:
F(4,35) = 7.09***
Group 2 > 4:
F(4,35) = 3.77*** 		ns F(1,72) = 5.61*,
0.235		 Group 2 > 1:
F(5,34) = 4.29***
Group 3 > 4:
F(5,34) = 4.26***
Group 3 > 1:
F(5,34) = 5.60***
Group 2 > 4:
F(5,34) = 3.03*
Digit Span
Backward 		4.70
(1.38)		 7.10
(2.40)		 7.05
(2.67)		 7.20
(2.02)		 F(3,76) =
6.21** 		F(6,73) =
5.87** 		F(7,72) =
5.22** 		F(1,73) =
9.81**,
0.313		 ns ns ns F(1,72) =
7.14**,
0.264		 ns ns
Digit Span
Forward –
Backward 		4.50
(2.09)		 4.30
(2.27)		 3.95
(2.46)		 3.00
(1.97)		 F(3,76) =
1.82, ns		 F(3,76) =
1.82, ns		 F(7,72) =
1.59, ns		 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
TMTc A 61.7
(33.3)		 41.3
(11.8)		 31.7
(6.51)		 35.5
(10.9)		 F(3,76) =
10.14** 		F(3,76) =
10.14** 		F(7,72) =
5.76** 		F(1,76) =
18.19**,
0.400		 F(1,76) =
3.95****,
0.166		 F(1,76) = 8.28**,
0.260		 Group 1 > 2:
F(1,38) = 6.68*
Group 4 > 3: ns
Group 1 > 3:
F(1,38) = 15.62***
Group 2 > 4: ns		 F(1,72) =
22.64**,
0.450		 F(1,72) = 7.17**,
0.240		 Group 1 > 2:
F(5,34) = 3.21*
Group 4 > 3: ns
Group 1 > 3: F(5,34) = 4.34***
Group 2 > 4: ns
TMT B 133.5
(65.1)		 73.8
(24.6)		 78.6
(35.3)		 64.8
(17.5)		 F(3,76) =
12.07** 		F(6,73) =
9.71** 		F(7,72) =
8.27** 		F(1,72) =
19.64**,
0.426		 ns ns ns F(1,72) =
17.81**,
0.408		 ns ns
TMT B-A 71.8
(48.6)		 32.5
(16.7)		 46.9
(34.2)		 29.4
(16.0)		 F(3,76) =
7.36** 		F(5,74) =
7.57** 		F(7,72) =
5.33** 		F(1,74) =
5.84*,
0.230		 F(1,74) =
7.90**,
0.275		 ns ns F(1,72) =
5.37*,
0.225		 ns ns
^

Group 1 (Age 51-70 Cocaine); Group 2 (Age 51-70 Control); Group 3 (Age 21-39 Cocaine); Group 4 (Age 21-39 Control);

ns: non-significant (p > 0.05)

*

p < 0.05

**

p < 0.01

***

p < 0.0125 (Bonferroni corrected p-value)

****

p = 0.0500

a

Mini-Mental State Examination, raw score

b

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third Edition, raw score (larger value = better performance)

c

Trail Making Test, seconds (larger value = poorer performance)

d

Significantly Correlated Covariates – For MMSE, Digit Span Forward, and Digit Span Backward: Race (African-American vs. Non-African-American), Years of Education, and WRAT-III Reading Score. For TMT B: Race, WRAT-III Reading Score, and Presence of Any Comorbid Psychiatric or Substance Use Disorder on the M.I.N.I. For TMT B-A: Race and WRAT-III Reading Score. No covariates were significant for Digit Span Forward-Backward and TMT A

e

All Covariates: Race, Years of Education, WRAT-III Reading Score, and Presence of Any Comorbid Psychiatric or Substance Use Disorder on the M.I.N.I. The main effect of cocaine in this model was non-significant for all neuropsychological outcomes.

f

Effect size = √ ω2 = √omega2