TABLE 3.
Characteristics according to the Mediterranean diet score in the entire sample1
| Variable | Mediterranean diet score |
P for trend2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (0–3) | (4) | (5) | (6–9) | ||
| (n = 88) | (n = 63) | (n = 66) | (n = 80) | ||
| Age (y) | 54.0 (51.5, 56.0)3 | 55.0 (53.0, 57.0) | 55.5 (53.0, 57.0) | 55.0 (54.0 57.0) | 0.63 |
| Education (y) | 13.0 (12.0, 14.5) | 14.0 (13.0, 16.0) | 15.0 (13.0, 16.0) | 14.5 (13.0, 16.0) | < 0.001 |
| Married [n (%)] | 71 (76.3) | 50 (73.5) | 56 (78.9) | 73 (83.9) | 0.37 |
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 26 (28.0) | 14 (20.6) | 7 (9.9) | 10 (11.5) | 0.002 |
| Ethanol intake (g/d) | 0 (0, 10.9) | 1.1 (0, 13.6) | 2.5 (0, 9.9) | 4.0 (0.5, 10.9) | 0.013 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 5.44 | 29.2 ± 5.0 | 29.3 ± 4.1 | 28.4 ± 3.5 | 0.16 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.83 |
| Physical activity (unit) | 7.20 (5.93, 8.32) | 7.41 (6.59, 8.38) | 7.82 (6.93, 8.69) | 7.63 (7.07, 8.34) | 0.02 |
| Clinical and biochemical features | |||||
| Depressive symptoms (BDI score) | 4.0 (1.0, 8.5) | 2.0 (0.0, 6.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 3.0 (0.0, 5.0) | 0.03 |
| Plasma glucose concentration (mg/dL)5 | 97 (90, 104) | 99 (91, 110) | 97 (93, 103) | 99 (93, 105) | 0.24 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 131 ± 15 | 128 ± 17 | 127 ± 16 | 132 ± 14 | 0.89 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 81 ± 11 | 79 ± 10 | 80 ± 11 | 83 ± 10 | 0.10 |
| Total triacylglycerol (mg/dL)6 | 172 (124, 231) | 145 (104, 200) | 158 (108, 215) | 162 (127, 223) | 0.85 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)7 | 188 ± 33 | 191 ± 41 | 191 ± 35 | 190 ± 43 | 0.57 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)7 | 37 (31, 45) | 39 (31, 48) | 39 (35, 46) | 36 (32, 42) | 0.93 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)7 | 125 ± 32 | 124 ± 34 | 124 ± 30 | 127 ± 37 | 0.60 |
| Fish-oil supplement use [n (%)] | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.9) | 5 (7.0) | 7 (8.0) | 0.07 |
| Statin use [n (%)] | 21 (22.6) | 12 (17.7) | 15 (21.1) | 18 (20.7) | 0.76 |
| Aspirin use [n (%)] | 19 (20.4) | 14 (20.6) | 14 (19.7) | 19 (21.8) | 0.89 |
| Antihypertensive use [n (%)] | 16 (18.2) | 14 (22.2) | 15 (22.7) | 18 (22.5) | 0.52 |
| Antihyperglycemic use [n (%)] | 6 (6.5) | 8 (11.9) | 7 (9.9) | 10 (11.5) | 0.31 |
| Plasma oxidative stress biomarkers | |||||
| GSH (μmol/L) | 1.41 (0.86, 2.02) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.89) | 1.17 (0.86, 1.96) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.45) | 0.31 |
| GSSG (μmol/L) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.10) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.31 |
| GSH/GSSG | 24.2 (14.5, 47.0) | 28.4 (15.8, 48.8) | 28.5 (18.5, 48.3) | 32.3 (19.3, 64.1) | 0.03 |
| aEh GSH/GSSG (mV) | 130 (122, 140) | 133 (124, 142) | 132 (122, 141) | 135 (125, 146) | 0.02 |
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; GSH/GSSG, ratio of GSH to GSSG; aEh GSH/GSSG, absolute value of the redox potential for the GSH/GSSG couple.
Test for trend across diet score groups. All P values were corrected for clustering within a twin pair according to the twin type by using linear mixed models for continuous variables and generalized estimating equation logistic models for dichotomous variables. Means and medians presented are raw values.
Median; 25th and 75th percentile in parentheses (all such values).
x̄ ± SD (all such values).
To convert values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
To convert values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113.
To convert values to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259.