Fig. 1.

Phylogenies of pigeons/doves and their feather lice in the genus Columbicola. Numbers after the names Columbicola passerinae, macrourae, and columbae indicate cryptic species of lice (17). Numbers beside branches are percent of 100-ML bootstrap replicates containing the node; values below 50% are not shown. Thin lines show host–parasite associations (17, 43). Fourteen of the 19 Columbicola species (74%) are host-specific. The remaining five species (bold) occur on two or more species of hosts. Circles with letters show cospeciation events inferred between the host and parasite trees by using reconciliation analysis (44). The eight cospeciation events are more than expected by chance (P = 0.029). Reconciliation analysis of trees derived from parsimony analyses of DNA sequences for doves and lice also inferred eight cospeciation events (P = 0.035). Asterisks show the five host species used in the experimental work.