Table 1.

Some differential diagnoses of hemolytic transfusion reactions

Immunologically caused hemolysis Autoimmunhemolytic anemia 'Warm' antibody induced hemolytic anemia Cold hemagglutinin disease Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Drug induced immune hemolytic anemia Passenger lymphocyte syndrome after stem cell or solid organ transplantation Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Acute episodes of non-immunologically caused hemolysis Hereditary erythrocyte defects Defects of red blood cell (RBC) enzymes (e.g. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency) Hemoglobinopathies (e.g. sickle cell disease) Thalassemia Defects of RBC membrane Congenital erythropoietic porphyria Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Infections Bacterial (bartonellosis; hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; severe infections by bacteria producing hemolyzing toxins (e.g. Clostridium perfringens)) Protozoal (malaria, babesiosis) Mechanical hemolysis by artificial heart valves or by extracorporeal circulation Thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz disease) HELLP syndrome during gravidity Intoxications Near drowning