Table 4.

Summary of simulation design.

Account	jTRACE Parameter	Default Value	Tested Range	Rationale
Degree of activation of lexical candidates	rest.w	−0.01	−0.025 – 0.005	This parameter determines the rest activation of word units, which corresponds to the baseline activation of lexical candidates.
Time course of activation
(a) Slowed lexical activation	Attention*	1.0	0.4 – 1.2	This parameter determines lexical units’ responsiveness to input, when it is less than 1.0, activation will be slowed.
(b) Deactivation of competitors	gamma.w	0.03	0.02 – 0.04	This parameter determines the strength of lexical inhibition; that is, the extent to which the target will be able to deactivate its competitors.
Working memory	decay.w	0.05	0.05 – 0.13	This parameter determines the rate of decay of lexical unit activation. Faster decay reflects difficulty maintaining activation, that is, an impairment of working memory.
Cognitive control	k	7	3–11	This parameter determines the slope of the nonlinear relationship between lexical activation and response (fixation) probability.
Auditory perceptual impairment	Input Noise	0.0	0.0 – 0.6	This parameter determines the magnitude of noise added to the model input, reflecting a relatively low-level auditory perceptual impairment.

^*see Mirman, McClelland, Holt, and Magnuson (2008).