Table 4.
fMRI CNS Activation in Acute Pain Studies
| REGION | STIMULUS | SPECIES | BOLD RESPONSE |
ANESTHETIC | FIELD STRENGTH |
REFERENCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical | ||||||
| Frontal Cortex | Capsaicin, dorsal forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Malisza and Docherty, 2001) |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Lowe et al., 2007) | |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Tuor et al., 2000) | |
| Capsaicin, Intrajoint, ankle vs. hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Malisza et al., 2003b) | |
| Cingulate Cortex | Capsaicin, dorsal forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose | 9.4T | (Malisza and Docherty, 2001) |
| Formalin 5%, hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 70mg/kg | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) | |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Lowe et al., 2007) | |
| Zymosan s.c. Heat Hyperalgesia | Rat | + | Isoflurane | ? | (Hess et al., 2007) | |
| Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) | |
| Sciatic Nerve Stimulation Electrical | Rat | + | α-chloralose 50mg/kg | 4.7T | (Chang and Shyu, 2001) | |
| Formalin | Rat | + | Ketamine | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) | |
| Formalin 5% forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Tuor et al., 2000) | |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Tuor et al., 2000) | |
| Capsaicin, Intrajoint, ankle vs. hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Malisza et al., 2003b) | |
| Somatosensory Cortex | Capsaicin, dorsal forepaw | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5–2% | 9.4T | (Malisza and Docherty, 2001) |
| Electrical, forepaw | Mouse | + | medetomidine | 9.4T | (Adamczak et al., 2010) | |
| Formalin, forepaw | Rat | + (early and late) | Isoflurane 1% | 7.05T | (Asanuma et al., 2008) | |
| Capsaicin, forepaw | Rat | + (early) | Isoflurane 1% | 7.05T | (Asanuma et al., 2008) | |
| Formalin 5%, hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 70mg/kg | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) | |
| Formalin | Rat | + | Ketamine | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) | |
| Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) | |
| Formalin 5% forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Tuor et al., 2000) | |
| Zymosan s.c. Heat Hyperalgesia | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1% | ? | (Hess et al., 2007) | |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Tuor et al., 2000) | |
| Capsaicin, Intrajoint, ankle vs. hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Malisza et al., 2003b) | |
| Motor Cortex | Formalin 5%, hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 70mg/kg | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) |
| Formalin, 5% hindpaw | Rat | + | Ketamine | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) | |
| Zymosan s.c. Heat Hyperalgesia | Rat | + | medetomidine | 9.4T | (Hess et al., 2007) | |
| Formalin 5% forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Tuor et al., 2000) | |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Tuor et al., 2000) | |
| Capsaicin, Intrajoint, ankle vs. hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 80mg/kg | 9.4T | (Malisza et al., 2003b) | |
| Insula | Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/h | 9.4T | (Luo et al., 2009) |
| Formalin 5%, hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 70mg/kg | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) | |
| Entorhinal Cortex | Punctate (noxious) Mechanical | Rat | − | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Governo et al., 2007) |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Lowe et al., 2007) | |
| Subcortical | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/h | |||||
| Thalamus | Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/h | 9.4 | (Luo et al., 2009) |
| Formalin | Rat | + | Ketamine | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) | |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Lowe et al., 2007) | |
| Capsaicin 30µg Mechanical Allodynia | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) | |
| Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) | |
| Zymosan s.c. Heat Hyperalgesia | Rat | + | Isoflurane | ? | (Hess et al., 2007) | |
| Hypothalamus | Capsaicin 30µg Mechanical Allodynia | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) |
| Zymosan s.c. Heat Hyperalgesia | Rat | + | Isoflurane | ? | (Hess et al., 2007) | |
| Sciatic Nerve Stimulation Electrical | Rat | + | α-chloralose 50mg/kg | 4.7T | (Chang and Shyu, 2001) | |
| Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) | |
| Amygdala | Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) |
| Hippocampus | Formalin 5%, hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 70mg/kg | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008a) |
| Formalin 5%, hindpaw | Rat | + | Ketamine | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008a) | |
| Punctate (noxious) Mechanical | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Governo et al., 2007) | |
| Caudate/Putamen | Formalin 5%, hindpaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 70mg/kg | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008b) |
| Capsaicin 30µg Mechanical Allodynia | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) | |
| Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) | |
| Formalin | Rat | + (early and late) | Isoflurane 1% | 7.05T | (Asanuma et al., 2008) | |
| Capsaicin | Rat | + Early | Isoflurane 1% | 7.05T | (Asanuma et al., 2008) | |
| Formalin | Rat | + | Ketamine | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008a) | |
| Nucleus Accumbens | Formalin | Rat | + | Ketamine | 4.7T | (Shih et al., 2008a) |
| Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Lowe et al., 2007) | |
| Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) | |
| Brainstem/Cerebellum | ||||||
| PAG | Capsaicin 30µg Mechanical Allodynia | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) |
| Formalin 5% | Rat | + | Halothane 1–2% | 2.35T | (Shah et al., 2005) | |
| Zymosan s.c. Heat Hyperalgesia | Rat | + | Isoflurane | ? | (Hess et al., 2007) | |
| Cuneiform | Punctate (noxious) Mechanical | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Governo et al., 2007) |
| Parabrachial | Punctate (noxious) Mechanical | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Governo et al., 2007) |
| Pontine Nuclei | Punctate (noxious) Mechanical | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Governo et al., 2007) |
| Cerebellum | Punctate (noxious) Mechanical | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Governo et al., 2007) |
| Capsaicin 30µg Mechanical Allodynia | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) | |
| Inferior Colliculus | Electrical, forepaw | Rat | + | α-chloralose 25mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Lowe et al., 2007) |
| Superior Colliculus | Capsaicin 30µg Mechanical Allodynia | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1.5% | 2.35T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) |
| Spinal Cord | ||||||
| Capsaicin 25µl, forepaw 75µl into ankle joint | Rat | + and − | Isoflurane 1.5–2% | 9.4T | (Malisza et al., 2003a) | |
| Formalin 50µl, hindpaw | Rat | + | Isoflurane 1% | 4.7T | (Porszasz et al., 1997) | |
| Electrical Stimulation, hindpaw + USPIO | Rat | + Lumbar cord (L3–L5) | α-chloralose 30mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) (Zhao et al., 2008) | |
| Electrical Stimulation, hindpaw + USPIO | Rat | + Cervical cord (C4–C8) | α-chloralose 30mg/kg/hr | 4.7T | (Moylan Governo et al., 2006) (Zhao et al., 2009a) |