Cytokines in plasma from VL patients. IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 were measured by multiplex analysis of plasma obtained from paired VL patients at pre- and post -treatment (n = 16) and from ECs (n = 10). Dual antibody sandwich ELISA was used to measure plasma IL-27 levels in paired VL patients (n = 21) and ECs (n = 10). Significant differences are indicated with *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001.