Table 3. Maternal and Paternal Characteristics, Complications of Pregnancy and Labor among Children in the 1976-1982 Rochester, Minnesota birth cohort (N=5320^*).

Variable	Vaginal Delivery (N=4,823)	CD with general (N=193)	CD with regional (N=304)	P-value
Age of mom at birth	26.4± 4.7	26.7± 5.2	27.8± 4.8	<0.001
Mother's education				0.003
Some-high school	292 (7%)	10 (6%)	10 (4%)
High-school graduate	1,511 (34%)	74 (43%)	75 (28%)
Any college education	2,609 (59%)	90 (52%)	185 (69%)
Father's education				0.007
Some-high school	192 (5%)	11 (7%)	3 (1%)
High-school graduate	1,282 (31%)	49 (30%)	66 (25%)
Any college education	2685 (65%)	101 (63%)	192 (74%)
Complications of pregnancy
Hemorrhage	22 (0%)	20 (10%)	6 (2%)	<0.001
Premature rupture of membranes	16 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0.44
Abnormalities of placenta	13 (0%)	3 (2%)	4 (1%)	<0.001
Preeclampsia/eclampsia	108 (2%)	22 (11%)	11 (4%)	<0.001
Urgency status				<0.001
Elective		62 (32%)	211 (69%)
Emergency		131 (68%)	93 (31%)
Induction of labor (0=none,1-9)				<0.001
None	3,734 (77%)	152 (79%)	263 (87%)
Method not indicated	50 (1%)	2 (1%)	2 (1%)
Amniotomy or rupture of membrane	85 (2%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Drug induction	792 (16%)	37 (19%)	35 (12%)
Amniotomy plus drug induction	132 (3%)	1 (1%)	4 (1%)
Other methods	30 (1%)	1 (1%)	0 (0%)
Complications of labor and delivery
Hemorrhage	23 (0%)	13 (7%)	1 (0%)	<0.001
Fetopelvic disproportion	45 (1%)	26 (13%)	32 (11%)	<0.001
Dystocic position of fetus	328 (7%)	49 (25%)	82 (27%)	<0.001
Prolonged labor of other origin	383 (8%)	32 (17%)	37 (12%)	<0.001
Umbilical cord complication	48 (1%)	5 (3%)	9 (3%)	0.001
Birth trauma	25 (1%)	1 (1%)	1 (0%)	0.90
Intrauterine hypoxia	2 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0.90

^*Mother's education was missing for 464 (8.7%) and father's education was missing for 739 (13.9%). CD= Cesarean delivery.