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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Youth Violence Juv Justice. 2011 Apr;9(2):150–170. doi: 10.1177/1541204010377748

Table 5.

Grade Differences in the Relationship Between Family Risk and Delinquency and Substance Use (N=14,124)

6th
(N=3547)		 8th
(N=3627)		 10th
(N=3855)		 12th
(N=3095)
Variable Parameter
(Figure 1)		 β β β β χ2 p
effect of family risk on Problem Behaviors
[χ2 = 25.62(6), P=.00]
Delinquency G 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.33 17.13 0.00
Substance use H 0.39 0.43 0.42 0.39 8.93 0.03
contributions of parenting practices to Family risk
[χ2 =41.28(14), P=.00]
Poor family management A 0.62 0.61 0.58 0.59 7.95 0.05
Family conflict B 0.31 0.16 0.12 -0.01 20.52 0.00
Parental acceptance of delinquency C 0.49 0.53 0.63 0.64 7.75 0.05
Maternal attachment D 0.04 0.01 0.03 -0.06 1.41 0.70
Paternal attachment E 0.06 -0.05 0.03 0.23 2.73 0.44
Rewards for prosocial behavior F 0.06 0.15 0.07 0.14 1.20 0.75

Note: All parameters are standardized and are controlling for the effects variables shown in Appendix A on substance use and delinquency; those significantly (p<.05) different from zero are indicated in bold. χ2 difference tests (with 3 df) indicate whether the contribution of each parenting practices to the Family Risk composite variable is different across grades.