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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 14.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res Bull. 2009 May 27;81(2-3):198–210. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.05.019

Table 2.

Anti-angiogenic treatments and compounds.

ANTI-ANGIOGENIC FACTOR MECHANISM OF ACTION
Ranibizumab (Lucentis) Monoclonal antibody fragment targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)
Bevacizumab (Avastin) Monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)
Triamcinolone acetonide A corticosteroid that inhibits the inflammatory response
Artepillin C Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition
Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE) Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition
Doxycycline/Triamcinolone acetonide combination Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) inhibition
Heparin Immunoreactivity with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), inhibiting neovascularization
Cyclosporine A Induces significant reduction in interleukin 2-induced corneal neovascularization
Methotrexate Possible inhibition of both macrophage invasion during early angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation
Tacrolimus (FK506) Induces immunosuppression by inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription
Thalidomide Inhibits basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced corneal neovascularization
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) A naturally occurring angiogenic inhibitor shown to have neurotrophic activity
Argon laser coagulation Ablates neovascular vessels
Rapamycin May inhibit proinflammatory cytokines