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. 2011 Mar 30;141(5):903–913. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.136580

TABLE 1.

Selected baseline characteristics of NHANES 2001–2006 participants by sex and MetS status (n = 3202)1

Socio-demographic, lifestyle factors Men
 Women
 P2
MetS− MetS+ All men MetS− MetS+ All women Men vs. women MetS− vs. MetS+ among men MetS− vs. MetS+ among women
n 1063 534 1597 1091 515 1606
Age, y 42.4 ± 0.7 49.1 ± 0.8 44.6 ± 0.6 42.2 ± 0.8 53.6 ± 0.8 45.6 ± 0.7 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Race/ethnicity, %
 NH white 72.7 ± 2.2 78.5 ± 3.0 74.6 ± 2.2 75.1 ± 2.0 73.8 ± 3.4 74.7 ± 2.0 0.627 0.037 0.797
 NH black 10.5 ± 1.1 6.2 ± 9.7 9.1 ± 0.9 9.5 ± 1.2 9.8 ± 1.6 9.6 ± 1.2
 Mexican American 8.2 ± 1.0 6.9 ± 1.1 7.7 ± 0.9 6.4 ± 0.6 7.5 ± 1.2 6.7 ± 0.7
 Other ethnicity 8.5 ± 1.3 8.4 ± 2.3 8.4 ± 1.4 9.0 ± 1.5 9.0 ± 2.7 9.0 ± 1.6
Married, % 56.5 ± 2.0 67.3 ± 2.7 60.0 ± 1.5 56.5 ± 1.9 62.5 ± 2.6 58.2 ± 1.6 0.297 0.004 0.065
Education, %
 <HS 5.0 ± 0.7 7.2 ± 1.0 5.7 ± 0.6 4.6 ± 0.7 8.9 ± 1.3 5.9 ± 0.6 0.052 0.057 <0.001
 HS 36.6 ± 1.6 39.8 ± 2.4 37.6 ± 1.6 27.4 ± 1.6 47.1 ± 2.5 33.2 ± 1.5
 >HS 58.4 ± 1.9 53.1 ± 2.6 56.7 ± 1.7 68.0 ± 1.8 43.9 ± 2.3 60.9 ± 1.5
PIR, %
 <100 8.9 ± 1.0 8.1 ± 1.2 8.7 ± 0.9 10.3 ± 1.4 13.3 ± 2.6 11.2 ± 1.3 0.001 0.371 0.412
 100 to <200 16.0 ± 1.5 18.9 ± 2.2 16.8 ± 1.3 20.4 ± 1.5 21.8 ± 2.5 20.8 ± 1.2
 ≥200 75.2 ± 1.9 73.0 ± 2.7 74.5 ± 1.7 69.3 ± 2.4 64.9 ± 3.2 68.0 ± 1.9
Smoking status, %
 Never smoker 64.5 ± 2.1 61.6 ± 2.7 63.6 ± 1.9 75.1 ± 1.8 70.9 ± 2.4 73.9 ± 1.7 <0.001 0.191 0.065
 Former smoker 17.6 ± 2.0 22.3 ± 2.1 19.1 ± 1.6 12.0 ± 1.3 16.7 ± 2.0 13.4 ± 1.2
 Current smoker 17.9 ± 1.6 16.0 ± 2.3 17.3 ± 1.5 12.9 ± 1.4 12.3 ± 1.8 12.7 ± 1.2
PA, − 13.3 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 0.6 12.0 ± 0.7 9.3 ± 0.6 9.6 ± 2.0 9.4 ± 0.7 <0.001 0.007 0.758
Serum antioxidant, μmol/L
 Total retinol+retinyl   esters 2.35 ± 0.02 2.41 ± 0.03 2.37 ± 0.02 2.02 ± 0.02 2.30 ± 0.03 2.10 ± 0.02 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  Retinol 2.26 ± 0.02 2.31 ± 0.03 2.27 ± 0.02 1.95 ± 0.02 2.19 ± 0.03 2.02 ± 0.02 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  Retinyl esters 0.087 ± 0.003 0.095 ± 0.005 0.090 ± 0.003 0.078 ± 0.002 0.089 ± 0.007 0.081 ± 0.003 0.569 0.053 0.012
 Total carotenoids 1.35 ± 0.03 1.14 ± 0.02 1.28 ± 0.03 1.50 ± 0.03 1.19 ± 0.03 1.41 ± 0.03 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  α-Carotene 0.079 ± 0.005 0.056 ± 0.004 0.072 ± 0.004 0.110 ± 0.007 0.070 ± 0.004 0.098 ± 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  β-Carotene 0.35 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.01 0.31 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.02 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  β-Cryptoxanthin 0.172 ± 0.006 0.136 ± 0.004 0.161 ± 0.004 0.181 ± 0.005 0.155 ± 0.007 0.173 ± 0.005 0.001 <0.001 0.013
  Lutein+zeaxanthin 0.285 ± 0.006 0.267 ± 0.008 0.279 ± 0.005 0.295 ± 0.007 0.253 ± 0.009 0.283 ± 0.006 0.235 0.063 <0.001
  Lycopene 0.464 ± 0.011 0.440 ± 0.011 0.456 ± 0.008 0.435 ± 0.008 0.390 ± 0.010 0.422 ± 0.007 0.003 0.003 <0.001
 Vitamin E 28.5 ± 0.5 33.8 ± 0.9 30.2 ± 0.5 28.2 ± 0.5 35.3 ± 0.9 30.3 ± 0.5 0.028 <0.001 <0.001
 Vitamin C3 50.9 ± 1.4 43.7 ± 1.5 48.6 ± 1.0 57.7 ± 1.2 52.1 ± 2.4 56.1 ± 1.4 <0.001 <0.001 0.001
Dietary intakes
 Total energy,4kcal/d 2,748 ± 39.0 2,585 ± 64.7 2,695 ± 35.7 1,851 ± 22.1 1,744 ± 32.3 1820 ± 18.8 <0.001 <0.001
 Alcohol, g/d 18.4 ± 1.5 13.9 ± 1.3 16.9 ± 1.1 16.7 ± 0.6 4.0 ± 0.9 5.9 ± 0.5 <0.001 0.085
 Caffeine, mg/d 218.2 ± 8.6 217.8 ± 10.8 218.1 ± 7.2 159.9 ± 9.2 160.9 ± 10.3 160.2 ± 8.6 <0.001 0.677
 Fiber, g/d 18.3 ± 0.4 17.1 ± 0.5 17.9 ± 0.3 14.8 ± 0.3 14.2 ± 0.4 14.6 ± 0.2 <0.001 0.018
 β-Carotene, mg/d 2.22 ± 0.16 1.90 ± 0.15 2.11 ± 0.12 2.20 ± 0.09 2.08 ± 0.14 2.17 ± 0.08 0.885 0.112
 Vitamin C, mg/d 96.5 ± 3.3 95.3 ± 5.9 96.1 ± 3.0 85.4 ± 2.8 81.2 ± 3.9 84.2 ± 2.3 0.022 0.297
 Vitamin E, mg/d 8.2 ± 0.2 8.0 ± 0.2 8.2 ± 0.2 6.6 ± 0.1 6.1 ± 0.2 6.4 ± 0.1 <0.001 0.060
Dietary supplement use <0.001 0.460
 None 44.9 ± 1.9 40.6 ± 2.5 43.5 ± 1.3 30.5 ± 1.7 33.0 ± 2.5 31.2 ± 1.4
 One 27.4 ± 1.7 30.2 ± 2.4 28.3 ± 1.3 28.7 ± 1.4 27.8 ± 2.3 28.4 ± 1.3
 ≥2 27.7 ± 1.7 29.2 ± 2.4 28.2 ± 1.3 40.8 ± 2.1 39.2 ± 2.5 40.3 ± 1.8
Other serum measures
 Folate, nmol/L 28.3 ± 0.4 28.5 ± 0.9 28.4 ± 0.4 28.5 ± 0.9 31.6 ± 0.6 32.1 ± 0.6 <0.001 0.200
 Vitamin B-12, pmol/L 380.3 ± 4.5 358.2 ± 9.2 373.2 ± 4.8 372.5 ± 6.4 370.2 ± 10.6 371.8 ± 5.6 0.705 0.012
 tHcy, μmol/L 8.8 ± 0.1 9.5 ± 0.2 9.0 ± 0.1 7.4 ± 0.1 8.0 ± 0.2 7.6 ± 0.1 <0.001 <0.001
 25(OH)D,5μg/L 24.4 ± 0.5 22.6 ± 0.5 23.8 ± 0.4 25.1 ± 0.5 21.6 ± 0.6 24.1 ± 0.5 0.120 0.004
1

Values are mean ± SEM or percent ± SE of the proportion, = 3203. Sampling design complexity is taken into account in all analyses. This analysis was done among participants with complete data for MetS screening using the NCEP ATP III criteria and other key variables of interest.

2

-value was based on t test when row variable is continuous and design-based χ2 test when row variable is categorical.

3

Vitamin C was available only for the 2003–2004 and 2005–2006 NHANES waves and thus sample size in this analysis was restricted to = 895 men (288 are MetS+) and 849 women (244 are MetS+).

4

1 kcal = 4.187 kJ.

5

To convert to mol/L, multiply by 2496.