TABLE 2.
Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and dietary predictors of serum antioxidant concentrations of U.S. adults (NHANES 2001–2006): OLS multiple regression models1
| Retinol+retinyl esters, μmol | Total carotenoids, μmol | Loge (vitamin E), μmol | Loge (vitamin C)3, μmol | |
| β ± SEE | ||||
| n | 9099 | 9099 | 9099 | 5145 |
| Age | +0.0086 ± 0.00052 | +0.0020 ± 0.00062 | +0.0083 ± 0.00032 | +0.0008 ± 0.0008 |
| Sex, women vs. men | −0.2658 ± 0.01772 | +0.1119 ± 0.01852 | −0.0023 ± 0.0093 | +0.1424 ± 0.02882 |
| NH white | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| NH black | −0.2328 ± 0.02302 | +0.1004 ± 0.02722 | −0.0776 ± 0.01052 | +0.0462 ± 0.0336 |
| Mexican American | −0.1676 ± 0.02042 | +0.1574 ± 0.03312 | +0.0459 ± 0.00932 | +0.0903 ± 0.04102 |
| Other ethnicity | −0.1127 ± 0.02862 | +0.0803 ± 0.0411 | +0.0153 ± 0.0159 | +0.0223 ± 0.0371 |
| Married | −0.0476 ± 0.01552 | +0.0634 ± 0.01532 | +0.0244 ± 0.0089 | +0.0005 ± 0.0214 |
| Education, <HS | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| HS | +0.0803 ± 0.02352 | −0.0719 ± 0.03372 | +0.0344 ± 0.01662 | −0.0512 ± 0.0377 |
| >HS | +0.0736 ± 0.02622 | +0.0343 ± 0.0392 | +0.0384 ± 0.01772 | −0.0278 ± 0.0472 |
| PIR, <100% | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 100 to <200% | +0.0257 ± 0.0292 | +0.0155 ± 0.0313 | −0.0050 ± 0.0178 | +0.0273 ± 0.0309 |
| ≥200% | +0.0355 ± 0.0247 | +0.0956 ± 0.02622 | +0.0346 ± 0.01622 | +0.0812 ± 0.03222 |
| Never smoker | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Former smoker | −0.0249 ± 0.0175 | −0.0112 ± 0.0335 | −0.0069 ± 0.0106 | −0.0178 ± 0.0303 |
| Current smoker | −0.0378 ± 0.0269 | −0.1652 ± 0.02212 | −0.0163 ± 0.0109 | −0.3035 ± 0.03292 |
| PA, Met · hr· wk-1, 0 to 5 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 5–10 | 0.0118 ± 0.0203 | +0.0900 ± 0.02522 | +0.0477 ± 0.01132 | +0.1259 ± 0.04682 |
| >10 | 0.0285 ± 0.0265 | +0.1144 ± 0.02612 | +0.0418 ± 0.01132 | +0.1394 ± 0.04852 |
| Total energy intake, per 100 kcal/d | −0.0013 ± 0.0012 | −0.0083 ± 0.00112 | −0.0016 ± 0.00072 | −0.0056 ± 0.00132 |
| Alcohol intake, per 10 g/d | +0.0030 ± 0.00032 | +0.0058 ± 0.00252 | +0.0034 ± 0.0018 | +0.0173 ± 0.00612 |
| Caffeine intake, per 10 mg/d | −0.0000 ± 0.0000 | −0.0006 ± 0.0004 | −0.0002 ± 0.0002 | −0.0029 ± 0.00052 |
| Fiber, per g/d | +0.0008 ± 0.0010 | +0.0143 ± 0.00132 | +0.0019 ± 0.00062 | +0.0079 ± 0.00172 |
| β-Carotene, per 1 mg/d | +0.0012 ± 0.0023 | +0.0363 ± 0.00002 | −0.0013 ± 0.0016 | +0.0014 ± 0.0043 |
| Vitamin C, per 10 mg/d | +0.0015 ± 0.0017 | +0.0093 ± 0.00142 | +0.0013 ± 0.00062 | +0.0186 ± 0.00152 |
| Vitamin E, per mg/d | +0.0021 ± 0.0017 | +0.0041 ± 0.0023 | +0.0035 ± 0.00132 | +0.0048 ± 0.0027 |
| Dietary supplement use, none | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| One | +0.1073 ± 0.01702 | +0.0423 ± 0.02022 | +0.1027 ± 0.01022 | +0.1788 ± 0.03082 |
| ≥2 | +0.1960 ± 0.01792 | +0.2009 ± 0.02262 | +0.2804 ± 0.01112 | +0.4326 ± 0.03292 |
1
Values are β ± SEE. Sampling design complexity is taken into account in all analyses. All models were multivariate-adjusted for all variables included in this table. This analysis was performed on the sample with complete antioxidant status, demographic, lifestyle factors, and dietary data. Ref, referent category.
2
< 0.05 for null hypothesis that β = 0 based on Wald test.
3
Vitamin C was available only for the 2003–2004 and 2005–2006 NHANES waves and thus sample size in this analysis was restricted to = 5145.