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. 2011 Mar 30;141(5):903–913. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.136580

TABLE 5.

Associations between concentrations of selected serum antioxidants (expressed as quartiles) and MetS (NCEP ATP III) and other MetS components: multiple logistic regression models (NHANES 2003–2006)12

Serum antioxidant quartiles
Q2 vs. Q1
 Q3 vs. Q1
 Q4 vs. Q1
 P-trend
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
MetS (NCEP ATP III),4n = 1574 μmol/L
 Total retinol+retinyl esters 1.83 (1.00; 3.35) 0.83 (0.46; 1.51) 1.22 (0.63; 2.36) 0.091
 Total carotenoids 0.73 (0.41; 1.28) 0.363 (0.22; 0.58) 0.323 (0.18; 0.56) <0.001
 Vitamin E 0.79 (0.41; 1.52) 1.54 (0.84; 2.84) 1.09 (0.44; 2.67) 0.489
 Vitamin C 0.98 (0.62; 1.53) 0.523 (0.28; 0.98) 0.52 (0.25; 1.10) 0.033
Other components4
 Elevated HOMA-IR, n = 2366
  Total retinol+retinyl esters 1.14 (0.85; 1.52) 0.87 (0.58;1.32) 1.07 (0.70; 1.65) 0.905
  Total carotenoids 0.633 (0.47; 0.83) 0.533 (0.40; 0.70) 0.313 (0.23; 0.42) <0.001
  Vitamin E 0.99 (0.71; 1.37) 1.21 (0.87; 1.68) 0.77 (0.40; 1.46) 0.538
  Vitamin C 0.71 (0.48; 1.04) 0.623 (0.41; 0.92) 0.64 (0.40; 1.00) 0.039
 Elevated CRP, n = 2382
  Total retinol+retinyl esters 0.373 (0.19; 0.68) 0.143 (0.04; 0.44) 0.173 (0.06; 0.51) <0.001
  Total carotenoids 0.50 (0.23; 1.08) 0.313 (0.13; 0.73) 0.083 (0.03; 0.25) <0.001
  Vitamin E 2.65 (0.92; 7.67) 1.94 (0.58; 6.48) 7.593 (1.35; 42.65) 0.075
  Vitamin C 0.78 (0.43; 1.42) 0.393 (0.19; 0.78) 0.48 (0.19; 1.30) 0.075
 Hyperuricemia, n = 1354
  Total retinol+retinyl esters 3.513 (1.57; 7.84) 2.463 (0.89; 6.78) 5.303 (2.71; 10.39) 0.001
  Total carotenoids 0.67 (0.35; 1.28) 0.393 (0.18; 0.83) 0.413 (0.20; 0.85) 0.026
  Vitamin E 1.05 (0.59; 1.84) 1.31 (0.73; 2.33) 1.39 (0.61; 3.17) 0.383
  Vitamin C 0.47 (0.87; 1.60) 0.66 (0.34; 1.30) 0.443 (0.20; 0.98) 0.043
1

Values are OR with 95% CI. Sampling design complexity is taken into account in all analyses. Vitamin C was not included in this analysis due to a appreciable drop in sample size (vitamin C available only for the 2003–2004 and 2005–2006 waves of NHANES).

2

Models included the 4 main antioxidant status exposures and adjusted for socio-demographic factors: age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational level and PIR, and other potential confounders: lifestyle and health-related factors (smoking status, PA: Met⋅h⋅wk−1, recoded as 0 to <5, 5–10, >10) and dietary intakes (total energy intake, alcohol, caffeine, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E ,and dietary supplement use), serum levels of folate, tHcy, vitamin B-12, 25(OH)D, total cholesterol, and TG.

3

< 0.05 for null hypothesis that Loge(OR) = 0 based on Wald test.

4

See Methods section for definition of each component and Figure 1 footnotes for range of serum antioxidant quartiles Q1 through Q4.