TABLE 3.
Cross-sectional and prospective evidence in adults demonstrating higher whole grain intake is associated with lower BMI and smaller waist circumference
| Higher whole grain intake is associated with | |||
| Cohort/reference | Lower BMI | Smaller waist circumference | Less weight gain |
| Cross-sectional studies | |||
| Framingham Offspring Study (25) | X1 | —2 | — |
| Nurses’ Health Study (26) | X | — | — |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study (27) | X | — | — |
| Physicians’ Health Study (28) | X | — | — |
| Healthy community living older adults (29) | X | — | — |
| Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (30) | X | — | — |
| Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (31) | X | X | — |
| College students enrolled in a nutrition course (32) | X | — | — |
| National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000 (8) | X | X | — |
| Free-living adults (33) | X | — | — |
| Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (34, 35) | — | X | — |
| Netherlands Cohort Study (36) | X | — | — |
| Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults (37) | NS3 | NS | — |
| Prospective studies | |||
| Nurses’ Health Study (26) | — | — | X |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study (27) | — | — | X |
1
X, Significant association found, < 0.05.
2
—, Not tested in the study.
3
NS, No significant association found, ≥ 0.05.