Table 1.

Procedural Details of Each Experiment

Detail	Experiment 1	Experiments 2 and 3
Stimuli	Spoken words	Pictures
Familiarization conditions	Singletons, pairs (1 or 2 words in a row)	Singletons, pairs,a triplets (1, 2, or 3 pictures/exposure)
Familiarization task	Repeat each word or pair	Name each picture
Cued recall test?	Yes (and identify singletons as such)	No
Serial recall task	Listen to list, then repeat it	Watch list of pictures, then repeat their names
Serial recall conditions	Novel words, familiarized singletons, familiarized pairs  (1 type per list)	Familiarized singletons, pairs,a triplets (1 type per list)
Serial recall presentation	Spoken words, one at a time Always grouped into pairs	Pictures, one at a time Even pacing
Serial recall list length	6 words or 8 words	Experiment 2: 6 pictures Experiment 3: 9 pictures
Serial recall response mode	Oral	Oral

Note. All experiments included children and adults, but in Experiment 3 only, a second group of adults carried out articulatory suppression during the serial recall procedure.

^aPairs of pictures were included in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 3.