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A diagram of a three-spin electron–electron–nuclear system showing the energy levels associated with the various spin states. The diagonal and off-diagonal Hamiltonian terms correspond to the EPR/NMR transitions and the couplings between states, respectively. DNP transitions leading to positive and negative enhancements are indicated by the solid and dashed arrows, respectively. Note that Dd ≡ 2(d − J), and Do ≡ −d−2J.
