Table 1.

Main mechanisms of DNA repair and their contributing proteins

Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)	KU70, KU80, DNA-PKc, XRCC4, and DNA ligase IV
Homologous recombination-mediated repair (HRR)	BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD50, RAD51, MRE11, NBS1
Mismatch repair (MMR)	MutSα (MSH2/MSH6), MutSβ (MSH2/MSH3), MutLα (MLH1/PMS2), MutLβ (MLH1/MLH3), EXO1
Nucleotide excision repair (NER)	DDB1, XPE, XPC-RAD23B, TFIIH, XPB, XPD, RPA
Base excision repair (BER)	AP-endonuclease, DNA polymerase-β, DNA ligase III, XRCC1 DNA polymerase-δ or -ε, PCNA, DNaseIV/FEN-1, DNA ligase I