Table 4.
IED test performance of low- [LD] and high-dependent smokers [HD] allocated to the smoking [S] or the abstinent [NS] condition. Test was performed after the smoking manipulation. Values represent means (±SEM).
| n = 12 per group (6 m, 6f) | NS | S | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of stages completed | LD | 8.8 (0.2) | 8.6 (0.4) |
| HD | 9.0 (0) | 8.7 (0.2) | |
| Total number of errors (adjusted for the stages not completed) |
LD | 17.8 (4.0) | 23.3 (10.1) |
| HD | 11.7 (1.6) | 22.3 (5.2) | |
| Number of errors in stage 1 (discrimination learning) |
LD | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.2) |
| HD | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.4 (0.2) | |
| Number of errors in stage 2 (simple reversal learning) |
LD | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.1) |
| HD | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.1) | |
| Number of errors in stage 3 (new dimension introduced but ignored) |
LD | 1.8 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) |
| HD | 1.4 (0.3) | 4.2 (1.9) | |
| Number of errors in stage 4 (new dimension still ignored) |
LD | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.2) |
| HD | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.2) | |
| Number of errors in stage 5 (reversal, still ignoring the new dimension) |
LD | 1.3 (0.1) | 3.1 (2.0) |
| HD | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | |
| Number of errors in stage 6 (intra-dimensional set-shift) |
LD | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.2)† |
| HD | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.2)⁎⁎ | |
| Number of errors in stage 7 (reversal, still ignoring the new dimension) |
LD | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.1)† |
| HD | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.2) | |
| Number of errors in stage 8 (extra-dimensional set-shift) |
LD | 5.3 (1.9) | 4.5 (1.3)† |
| HD | 4.3 (1.6) | 7.0 (2.7) | |
| Number of errors in stage 9 (reversal, still attending to the new dimension) |
LD | 3.5 (2.0) † | 3.1 (1.8)† |
| HD | 1.2 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.6)†† | |
| Reversal learning (errors in stages 2 + 5 + 7 + 9) |
LD | 7.6 (2.2) † | 6.4 (1.7)† |
| HD | 5.6 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.6)†† | |
| Attentional flexibility (errors in stages 6 + 8) |
LD | 5.9 (1.8) | 4.8 (1.2)† |
| HD | 4.4 (1.6) | 7.9 (2.6) | |
†
N=11.
††
N=10.
⁎⁎
p < .01 (Tukey's HSD test vs. HD-NS group).