Table 4. Maternal dietary habits according to pre-pregnancy BMI.
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
P-valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight (n=111) | Normal weight (n=363) | Overweight (n=67) | Obese (n=67) | ||
| Meal frequency (times per day) | |||||
| Once | 0 (0.0)b | 1 (0.3) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Twice | 29 (29.9) | 68 (22.0) | 17 (28.8) | 12 (23.1) | |
| Three | 59 (60.8) | 216 (69.9) | 37 (62.7) | 34 (65.4) | 0.693 |
| Four | 3 (3.1) | 9 (2.9) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.9) | |
| Irregular | 6 (6.2) | 15 (4.9) | 3 (5.1) | 5 (9.6) | |
| Breakfast frequency (days per week) | |||||
| 0–1 | 20 (22.2) | 32 (11.0) | 11 (19.0) | 10 (20.0) | |
| 2–3 | 11 (12.2) | 29 (9.9) | 13 (22.4) | 3 (6.0) | 0.013 |
| 4–5 | 12 (13.3) | 64 (21.9) | 10 (17.2) | 9 (18.0) | |
| ⩾6 | 47 (52.2) | 167 (57.2) | 24 (41.4) | 28 (56.0) | |
| Regularity of meal time (three meals a day per week) | |||||
| >6 | 31 (34.4) | 103 (35.6) | 15 (25.9) | 20 (40.8) | |
| 4–5 | 47 (52.2) | 148 (51.2) | 36 (62.1) | 24 (49.0) | 0.750 |
| <2–3 | 12 (13.3) | 38 (13.1) | 7 (12.1) | 5 (10.2) | |
| Amount of mealc | |||||
| Overeat | 20 (22.2) | 56 (19.2) | 11 (19.0) | 10 (20.0) | |
| Proper | 68 (75.5) | 230 (79.0) | 41 (70.6) | 36 (72.0) | 0.048 |
| A little | 2 (2.2) | 5 (1.7) | 6 (10.3) | 4 (8.0) | |
| Eating out | |||||
| ⩾2 per day | 2 (2.2) | 12 (4.2) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (2.1) | |
| 1 per day | 12 (13.3) | 48 (16.8) | 9 (15.8) | 4 (8.5) | 0.487 |
| >1 per week | 67 (74.4) | 174 (60.8) | 40 (70.2) | 31 (66.0) | |
| >1 per month | 6 (6.7) | 32 (11.2) | 5 (8.8) | 8 (17.0) | |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
BMI (kg m−2) categories according to the Asia-Pacific standard: see Table 1.
a
P-value by χ2-test.
b
N (%).
c
Amount of meal size was measured by self report.