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Targets for modulation of myocardial FA metabolism. Indirect modulators of FAO: β-blockers, glucose–insulin–potassium solution (GIK), nicotinic acid or related analogues (acipimox). Direct modulators of FAO: PPARα agonists, carnitine palmitoyltransferase type 1 (CPT-1) inhibitors, β-oxidation (β-Ox) inhibitors. FA-CoA, fatty acyl-coenzyme A; CPT-2, carnitine palmitoyltransferase type 2; CT, carnitine acylcarnitine translocase.
