Table 1.
Indicators for the symptom and cognitive dimensions. Basic definitions of the cognitive dimensions are provided for reference.
| Measure | Reliability | Reference | Brief Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Symptom Dimensions | |||
| Single Word Reading | |||
| PIAT Reading Recognition | .89 | (Dunn & Markwardt, 1970) | Read single words that increase in semantic and phonetic difficulty. |
| PIAT Spelling | .65 | (Dunn & Markwardt, 1970) | Select the correct spelling of a spoken word from 4 phonologically similar options. |
| Timed Oral Reading | .89 | (Olson, Wise, Conners, Rack, & Fulker, 1989) | Read aloud single words within 2 seconds of their presentation. |
| ADHD Inattentive symptoms | |||
| Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale | .71 – .94a | (Barkley & Murphy, 1998) | Mother, father, teacher ratings of DSM-IV inattention symptoms on a 0–3 scale with anchors not at all, sometimes, often, and very often. |
| ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms | |||
| Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale | .66 – .93a | (Barkley & Murphy, 1998) | Mother, father, teacher ratings of DSM-IV hyperactivity - impulsivity symptoms on a 0–3 scale with anchors not at all, sometimes, often, and very often. |
| Cognitive Dimensions | |||
| Phonological Awareness | -Oral language skill characterized by the ability to dissect a spoken word into smaller sound units, the smallest of which are phonemes. | ||
| Phoneme Deletion | .80 | (Olson, Forsberg, Wise, & Rack, 1994) | Remove a phoneme from a word or nonword and say the resulting word. |
| Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test | .67 | (Lindamood & Lindamood, 1971) | Use colored blocks to represent phonemes in sound sequences and nonwords. |
| Pig Latin | .78 | (Olson et al., 1989) | Move first phoneme of a spoken word to the end of the word, then add “ay.” |
| Inhibition | -The ability to stop a prepotent motor response when specific conditions are present. | ||
| Gordon Commission errors | .72 – .85 | (Gordon, 1983) | Total responses to incorrect targets during a continuous performance test (press a button every time you see a 1 followed by a 9) with and without distracters. |
| Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) | .90 – .96 | (Logan, Schachar, & Tannock, 1997) | Computerized measure of stop signal reaction time, a measure of inhibitory control. |
| Verbal Working Memory | -The ability to hold verbal information in mind while simultaneously performing a manipulation or a separate cognitive task. | ||
| WISC-R Digit Span Backward | .78 | (Wechsler, 1974) | Repeat strings of numbers of increasing length in reverse order. |
| Sentence Span | .65 –.71 | (Kuntsi, Stevenson, Oosterlaan, & Sonuga-Barke, 2001; Siegel & Ryan, 1989) | Provide the last word for a set of simple sentences read by the examiner, then reproduce these words in order after the set is completed. |
| Counting Span | .55 –.67 | (Case, Kurland, & Goldberg, 1982; Kuntsi et al., 2001) | Count aloud the number of yellow dots on a series of cards. At the end of each set state in order the number of yellow dots that appeared on each card in the set. |
| Naming Speed | -The ability to rapidly recognize and name a restricted set of well-known visual items presented in a series. | ||
| RAN Colors | .82 | (Denckla & Rudel, 1974, 1976) | Name colors as quickly as possible for 15 seconds. |
| RAN Numbers | .86 | (Denckla & Rudel, 1974, 1976) | Name numbers as quickly as possible for 15 seconds. |
| RAN Letters | .86 | (Denckla & Rudel, 1974, 1976) | Name letters as quickly as possible for 15 seconds. |
| RAN Pictures | .80 | (Denckla & Rudel, 1974, 1976) | Name pictures as quickly as possible for 15 seconds. |
| Processing Speed | -Mental efficiency of processing and matching symbols, such as letter, numbers, and pictures. | ||
| WISC-R Coding | .72 | (Wechsler, 1974) | Rapidly copy symbols associated with numbers based on a key |
| Colorado Perceptual Speed Test Part 1 & 2 | .81 | (Decker, 1989) | Identify a target string of letters or letters and numbers among three foils. Letter strings are not pronounceable (see Appendix). |
| Identical Pictures Test | .82 | (French, Ekstrom, & Price, 1963) | Identify a target picture among an array of pictures with four foils (see Appendix). |
Note: Estimated reliability of the primary dependent measure obtained from the original citation for the measure unless otherwise noted.
a
Range includes estimates of 1-year test-retest reliability (Willcutt et al., 2001) and Cronbach’s α