Table 3.
Results of linear regression models for the association between maternal depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy with or without symptoms postpartum and scores on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning: Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition (PIN), PIN Postpartum and PIN Babies Studies, 2001–2006
| High depressive symptoms throughout pregnancya | High depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy and postpartumb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes=37 (12.0%), No (ref)=272 (88.0%) | Yes=22 (7.1%), No (ref)=287 (92.9%) | |||
| Mullen Scales of Early Learning | β (95% CI) Unadjusted model | β (95% CI) Adjusted modelc | β (95% CI) Unadjusted model | β (95% CI) Adjusted modelc |
| Gross motor | 2.5 (−1.7, 6.7) | 5.1 (−0.6, 10.8) | 4.7 (−0.6, 10.0) | 6.1 (−0.4, 12.6) |
| Visual reception | −0.9 (−4.8, 2.9) | 4.5 (−0.6, 9.7) | −0.6 (−5.5, 4.3) | 2.4 (−3.6, 8.3) |
| Fine motor | 2.3 (−1.5, 6.2) | 7.5 (2.5, 12.5) | 5.6 (0.6, 10.6) | 9.7 (3.9, 15.5) |
| Receptive Language | 0.7 (−2.0, 3.4) | 2.0 (−1.6, 5.7) | 1.4 (−2.0, 4.9) | 2.3 (−1.9, 6.4) |
| Expressive Language | 0.0 (−3.1, 3.1) | −0.9 (−5.1, 3.3) | 0.4 (−3.6, 4.4) | −1.3 (−6.1, 3.5) |
| Composite | 1.3 (−3.4, 6.0) | 6.8 (0.6, 12.9) | 4.0 (−2.1, 10.1) | 7.1 (−0.1, 14.3) |
Scored >16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale at <20 weeks and 24–29 weeks of pregnancy
Scored >16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale at <20 weeks and 24–29 weeks of pregnancy and > 9 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in the fourth postpartum month
Covarites include maternal education, self-esteem, infant sex, maternal age, family income, gestational age, trait anxiety, and perceived stress score (17–22 weeks gestation).