Table 2.

Table 2a: IV, exposure and outcome (arrange studies by IV type)
IV Type	Author	IV	Exposure	Outcome	Outcome Type
Regional variation	Earle et al. [8]	Prevalence of chemotherapy in HCSA. Grouped HCSAs into quintiles based on the prevalence.	Chemotherapy for lung cancer	Mortality	Effectiveness
	Goldman et al. [32]	3 prescriptions/month by Medicaid in a state in 1997	HAART	Returning to work	Effectiveness
		No coverage of Non-Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) by the state AIDS Drug Assistant Program (ADAP) in 1997		Remaining employed
				Hours of work
	Ikeda et al. [33]	Proportion of people with hypertension who were on treatment in prefecture of residence	Antihypertensive drugs	Systolic blood pressure (SBP)	Effectiveness
	Lu-Yao et al. [19]	Proportion of patients who received PADT in each HSA	PADT	Mortality	Effectiveness
	Park et al. [31]	Physician per capita in the 10-mile radius around patient zip code	Antibiotics	Cure of Otitis media (OM)	Effectiveness
	Salkever et al. [34]	Percentage of Medicaid antipsychotic treatment for atypicals in the state in baseline quarter	Atypical antipsychotics	Earnings from work	Effectiveness
	Salkever et al. [35]	Percentage of Medicaid antipsychotic treatment for atypicals in the state in baseline quarter	Atypical antipsychotics	Hospitalizations	Effectiveness
	Zeliadt et al. [28]	Proportion of people treated with Adjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) in HCSA	ADT	Mortality	Effectiveness
Facility prescribing patterns	Dudl et al. [17]	Facility proportion of patients on bundle of cardioprotective drugs	Bundle of cardioprotective drugs	Hospitalization of MI or stroke	Effectiveness
	Ramirez et al. [20]	Facility proportion of patients on Rosiglitazone	Rosiglitazone	Cardiovascular hospitalization and all cause mortality	Adverse event
	Salkever et al. [34]	Provider was a Veteran Administration (VA) medical center	Atypical antipsychotics	Earnings from work	Effectiveness
		Provider was a community mental health center with no teaching affiliation
		Provider reported date when atypicals were added to formulary
	Salkever et al. [35]	Provider was a VA medical center	Atypical antipsychotics	Hospitalizations	Effectiveness
		Provider was a community mental health center with no teaching affiliation
		Provider reported date when atypicals were added to formulary
	Tentori et al. [30]	Percentage of patients at a facility receiving vitamin D (VD)	VD	Mortality	Adverse event
		Adjusted percentage of patients in a facility receiving VD

Table 2b: IV, exposure and outcome (arrange studies by IV type)
IV Type	Author	IV	Exposure	Outcome	Outcome Type
Physician preference	Bosco et al. [16]	Patient's surgeon's chronologically preceding patient's receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy	Adjuvant chemotherapy	Breast cancer recurrence	Effectiveness
	Brookhart et al. [15]	Physician's last prescription drug was a COX-2 or a non-selective NSAID	COX-2 or Non-selective NSAID	GI complications	Adverse event
	Groenwold et al. [18]	General practitioner group's specific vaccination rate	Influenza vaccine	Mortality	Effectiveness
	Schneeweiss et al. [36]	Proportion of patients who were administered Aprotinin by a surgeon	Aprotinin	Mortality	Adverse event
	Schneeweiss et al. [21]	Physician's most recent antipsychotic prescription	Atypical antipsychotics	Mortality	Adverse event
	Schneeweiss et al. [23]	Physician's most recent NSAID prescription	Selective or non-selective NSAIDs	GI Complications	Adverse event
	Setoguchi et al. [22]	Physician's most recent antipsychotic prescription	Atypical antipsychotics	Mortality	Adverse event
	Wang et al. [26]	Physician's most recent antipsychotic prescription	Atypical antipsychotics	Mortality	Adverse event
Patient history/financial status	Groenwold et al. [18]	History of gout	Influenza vaccine	Mortality	Effectiveness
		History of orthopedic morbidity
		History of antacid medication
	Stuart et al. [25]	Drug coverage	Prescription drug counts	Hospitalizations; Total hospital expenditures	Effectiveness
	Yoo et al. [27]	History of gout or arthritis	Influenza vaccine	Influenza related hospitalization or death	Effectiveness
Calendar time	Cain et al. [39]	Calendar period (before and after 1996 when HAART was available)	HAART	Clinical AIDS	Effectiveness
	Rascati et al. [37]	Time in months between initiation of treatment with an antipsychotic and Oct 1996 when atypical agent was first available for purchasing.	Atypical antipsychotics	Total hospital cost and Schizophrenia-related cost	Effectiveness
	Shetty et al. [24]	Release of Women's Health Initiative (WHI) data in July of 2002	Hormone replacement therapy	Cardiovascular outcomes	Adverse event
	Zhang et al. [38]	Time of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approval of olanzapine	Olanzapine	Non-drug spending	Effectiveness
				Total services spending
				Mental health services spending
Other(Statistical)	Costanzo et al. [29]	Patient's propensity to receive treatment (Propensity score)	Intravenous therapies for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)	Mortality	Effectiveness