Lysine anabolic pathways as denoted by the acyl pathways (a), the dehydrogenase pathway (b) and the l,l-diaminopimelate aminotransferase pathway (c). The abbreviations of the enzymes are as follows: tetrahydrodipicolinate acylase, DapD; acyl-amino-ketopimelate aminotransferase, DapC; acyl-ketopimelate deacylase, DapF; diaminopimelate epimerase, DapF; diaminopimelate decarboxylase, LysA; m-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase, Ddh; l,l-diaminopimelate aminotransferase, DapL.