Table 2.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants and Age-Adjusted Associations with Scarring

Parameter	Cases (n = 360)		Controls (n = 360)		Age-Adjusted Association with Scarring
	n	(%)	n	(%)	OR	95% CI	P
Age groups, y							<0.001
18–25	29	(8.1)	117	(32.5)	1
25–35	53	(14.7)	113	(31.4)	1.88	1.11–3.16
35–45	65	(18.1)	85	(23.6)	3.13	1.87–5.26
45–55	80	(22.2)	28	(7.8)	11.53	6.38–20.84
55–65	57	(15.8)	9	(2.5)	28.75	12.36–66.87
>65	76	(21.1)	8	(2.2)	34.07	15.28–75.95
Age in years, mean (95% CI)	50.2	(48.3–2.0)	31.9	(30.7–3.1)	Trend 2.19*	(1.92–2.49)	<0.001
Sex							0.40
Female	219	(60.8)	241	(66.9)	1.00	—
Male	141	(39.2)	119	(33.1)	1.17	0.81–1.68
Formal education†							<0.001
None	250	(69.4)	166	(46.1)	1.00	—
1–7 y	106	(29.4)	177	(49.2)	0.61	0.42–0.87
>7 y	4	(1.1)	17	(4.7)	0.24	0.06–0.86
BMI‡							0.55
Underweight	55	(15.4)	30	(8.5)	1.35	0.77–2.39
Normal	257	(72.0)	284	(80.0)	1.00	—
Overweight/obese	45	(12.6)	41	(11.6)	1.12	0.66–1.89
Scarring grade§
0	—	—	360	(100)
1a	0	(0.0)	—	—
1b	187	(51.9)	—	—
1c	127	(35.3)	—	—
2	33	(9.2)	—	—
3	13	(3.6)	—	—
Papillary inflammation grade
P0	80	(22.2)	343	(95.3)
P1	188	(52.2)	17	(4.7)
P2	84	(23.3)	0	(0.0)
P3	8	(2.2)	0	(0.0)
Follicles
F0	355	(98.6)	359	(99.7)
F1	2	(0.6)	1	(0.3)
F2	1	(0.3)	0	(0.0)
F3	2	(0.6)	0	(0.0)

^*The result shown is the increase in the OR with each increase in age group category.

^†Primary schooling in Tanzania is completed after 7 years.

^‡Categories from the National Institutes of Health.

^§All controls had no scarring (grade 0), and all cases had scarring grade 1b or higher.