Table 6.

Determinants of impoverishing health payment

Variables	Univariate analysis		Logistic regression		Mixed effected logistic regression
	Crude OR (95% CI)	P-valueΔ	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-valueΔ	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-value**
Village-level variables
Village deprivation(Quartile)		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
2nd vs. Lowest deprived	0.9 (0.65-1.25)		1.77 (1.11-2.83)		1.58(0.87-2.86)
3rd vs. Lowest deprived	0.39 (0.27-0.54)		0.83 (0.52-1.33)		0.81(0.45-1.43)
Highest vs. Lowest deprived	0.2 (0.14-0.29)		0.39 (0.23-0.64)		0.36(0.20-0.66)
Availability of health clinic		0.109		0.722		0.7647
Yes vs. No	0.83 (0.66-1.03)		0.94 (0.68-1.3)		1.06(0.70-1.63)
Household-level variables
Household per capita income (Quartile)		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
2nd vs. Lowest	0.27 (0.21-0.35)		0.25 (0.18-0.35)		0.25(0.18-0.34)
3rd vs. Lowest	0.07 (0.05-0.1)		0.07 (0.04-0.1)		0.06(0.04-0.10)
Highest vs. Lowest	0.02 (0.01-0.04)		0.02 (0.01-0.03)		0.02(0.00-0.03)
Serious chronic illness proportion		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
≤0.5 vs.0	5.57 (4.34-7.16)		3.82 (2.81-5.18)		3.88(2.84-5.32)
>0.5 vs.0	10.33 (7.28-14.64)		6.26 (4-9.79)		6.72(4.23-10.67)
Member hospitalization		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Yes vs. No	4.55 (3.6-5.76)		4.75 (3.44-6.54)		4.94(3.56-6.86)
Household size		0.123		0.929		0.968
4-6 vs. ≤3	1.02 (0.82-1.28)		0.94 (0.69-1.28)		0.96 (0.70-1.32)
>6 vs. ≤3	2.39 (1.01-5.67)		0.94 (0.31-2.81)		0.96 (0.31-3.00)
Proportion of members aged over 65		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
≤0.5 vs.0	2.37 (1.81-3.1)		1.28 (0.9-1.82)		1.29(0.90-1.86)
>0.5 vs.0	5.1 (3.59-7.24)		2.79 (1.69-4.6)		3.04(1.81-5.11)
Occupation of household head		<0.001		0.014		0.013
Non-farmer vs. Farmer	0.3 (0.16-0.57)		0.47 (0.23-0.98)		0.46(0.22-0.97)
Unemployed vs. Farmer	5.45 (3.78-7.84)		1.61 (0.97-2.68)		1.50(0.88-2.54)
Intraclass correlation (ICC)						0.006

* P-value for trend test was <0.05; Δ Likelihood ratio test; ** ANOVA test