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. 2011 Apr 21;7(4):e1001373. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373

Table 1. Formal tests for population mixture.

Population (X) Samples Region Dataset Z-score for 4 Pop. Test ((Px-PCEU),(PPapuan-PYRI)) Z-score for 3 Pop. Test ((Px-PCEU),(Px-PYRI))
African Americans 49 n/a HapMap3 −85.1 −108.9
Palestine 43 L HGDP-CEPH −27.9 −24.7
Turkey 6 L POPRES −1 −3.4
Bedouin-g1 15 L HGDP-CEPH −36 −40.7
Bedouin-g2 30 L HGDP-CEPH −25.8 >0
Druze 41 L HGDP-CEPH −14.6 >0
Spain 137 SE POPRES −12.3 −21.1
Portugal 134 SE POPRES −14.9 −29
Romania 14 SE POPRES −0.5 −5.1
Croatia 6 SE POPRES 0.7 >0
Bosnia-Herzegovina 9 SE POPRES −0.6 −1.5
Sardinia 27 SE HGDP-CEPH −9.3 >0
Southern-Italy 121 SE POPRES −10.7 −14.2
Northern-Italy 90 SE POPRES −5.7 −5.7
Austria 14 ECE POPRES −0.2 −2.4
Poland 22 ECE POPRES 1.3 >0
Hungary 19 ECE POPRES 0.4 −5.6
Czech Republic 11 ECE POPRES 0.5 >0
Adygei 17 ECE HGDP-CEPH 2.9 >0
Russia 6 ECE POPRES 0.6 −0.2
Russia 25 ECE HGDP-CEPH 11.4 >0
Swiss-French 759 I POPRES −3.2 −6.1
France 92 I POPRES −1.9 −3.7
France 28 I HGDP-CEPH −1.9 −2.9
Basque 24 I HGDP-CEPH −1.2 >0
Belgium 43 I POPRES −0.9 −2.2
Orkney 15 I POPRES 3.2 >0
United Kingdom 388 I POPRES 1.5 >0
Ireland 62 I POPRES 1.7 >0
Scotland 5 I POPRES 3.3 >0
Netherlands 17 I POPRES 1.0 >0
Swiss-German 84 I POPRES −1 −2.6
Germany 74 I POPRES −0.9 −2.8
Sweden 11 I POPRES 1.6 0
Ashkenazi Jews 323 n/a IBD −11.6 >0
Ashkenazi Jews 34 n/a Jewish HapMap −9.5 −2.2
Syrian Jews 25 n/a Jewish HapMap −10.1 −2.3
Iranian Jews 24 n/a Jewish HapMap −5.9 >0
Iraqi Jews 36 n/a Jewish HapMap −8.5 >0
Sephardic Greek Jews 39 n/a Jewish HapMap −13.7 −15.2
Sephardic Turkey Jews 27 n/a Jewish HapMap −13.6 −17.1
Italian Jews 27 n/a Jewish HapMap −11.4 >0

Notes: We analyzed data from all West Eurasian populations with ≥5 samples. Regions are abbreviated: I – Northwest Europe, ECE – East-Central Europe, SE – Southern Europe and L – Levant. We used a Block Jackknife (block size of 5cM) to correct for LD among SNPs and to estimate a Z-score that reports the number of approximately normally distributed standard deviations that the correlation coefficient differs from 0. For the 4 Population Test, we interpret |Z|>3 as significant evidence for mixture (we test the tree ((Px-PCEU)(PPapuan-PYRI), and do not show the tests of the two alternative trees, although all |Z|-scores are >16). For the 3 Population Test, we interpret Z<−3 as significant evidence for mixture; a positive score for the 3 Population Test is possible even in the presence of population mixture, since genetic drift after mixture can mask the signal (for example, Bedouin-g2). Scores that are significant are highlighted in bold. For further study of sub-Saharan African mixture, we chose populations with a significantly negative score by the 4 Population Test (bold).