Table 1.
HBV isolates collected in the present study
| Geographical location | Ethnic background | n | Gender (M/F) | Mean age | Accession number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. West Indonesia (Austronesian Cluster 1) | 172 | 102/70 | 44.3 ± 11.6 | ||
| North Sumatra | Karo Batak | 14 | GU071439-GU071452 | ||
| West Sumatra | Minang | 51 | GU071537-GU071587 | ||
| South Sumatra | Malay | 54 | GU071460-GU071513 | ||
| Nias | Nias | 8 | GU071588-GU071595 | ||
| Mentawai | Mentawai | 6 | GU071527-GU071532 | ||
| Central Java | Javanese | 35 | GU071398-GU071432 | ||
| East Kalimantan | Dayak Benuaq | 4 | GU071307-GU071310 | ||
| II. East Indonesia: Sulawesi & Nusa Tenggara (Austronesian Cluster 2) | 188 | 142/46 | 45.1 ± 14.9 | ||
| Lombok | Sasak | 17 | GU071612-GU071628 | ||
| North Sulawesi | Minahasa | 4 | GU071533-GU071536 | ||
| South Sulawesi | Mandar | 13 | GU071514-GU071526 | ||
| Torajan | 5 | GU071635-GU071639 | |||
| Kajang | 6 | GU071433-GU071438 | |||
| Makassar | 7 | GU071453-GU071459 | |||
| West Sumba | Kodi | 12 | GU071678-GU071689 | ||
| Lamboya | 18 | GU071690-GU071707 | |||
| Loli | 4 | GU071708-GU071711 | |||
| Anakalang | 8 | GU071664-GU071671 | |||
| Mamboro | 6 | GU071712-GU071717 | |||
| Wanokaka | 4 | GU071662-GU071663, GU071720-GU071721 | |||
| Mbilur/Pangadu | 2 | GU071676-GU071677 | |||
| Waimangura | 2 | GU071718-GU071719 | |||
| Bukambero | 4 | GU071672-GU071675 | |||
| East Sumba | Kambera | 9 | GU071356-GU071364 | ||
| West Flores | Larantuka | 4 | GU071640, GU071642-GU071644 | ||
| Lembata | 1 | GU071645 | |||
| Pantar | 17 | GU071641, GU071646-GU071661 | |||
| East Flores | LIO Selatan | 9 | GU071336-GU071344 | ||
| LIO Tengah | 3 | GU071345-GU071347 | |||
| Bere | 2 | GU071311, GU071313 | |||
| Rampasasa | 1 | GU071348 | |||
| Boawae | 2 | GU071314-GU071315 | |||
| Soa | 5 | GU071349-GU071353 | |||
| Wogo | 3 | GU071312, GU071354-GU071355 | |||
| Cibal | 4 | GU071316-GU071319 | |||
| Flores Timur | 16 | GU071320-GU071335 | |||
| III. East Indonesia: Papua & Moluccas (Papuan-speaking and -influenced Cluster) | 47 | 47/0 | 36.5 ± 13.9 | ||
| Alor | Alorese | 17 | GU071282-GU071298 | ||
| Papua | Papuan | 16 | GU071596-GU071611 | ||
| Moluccas | Ternate | 6 | GU071629-GU071634 | ||
| Ambonesse | 8 | GU071299-GU071306 | |||
| IV. Jakarta, Surabaya and Medan (Indonesian Chinese) | Han Chinese | 33 | 19/14 | 35 ± 12.4 | GU071365-GU071397 |
The HBV isolates were collected from 440 individuals from 40 different ethnic populations of the Indonesian archipelago. The ethnic background of the individuals from whom the samples were obtained was carefully documented and ascertained for at least three previous generations, both maternally and paternally as described previously [26]. The isolates were arranged into four major groups based on the genetic clustering [52] of the ethnic backgrounds of the individuals from which they were isolated, which has been shown [52] to be consistent with their linguistic clustering [54]