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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Respir Med. 2010 Oct;4(5):573–584. doi: 10.1586/ers.10.61

Figure 4. Several regulatory elements of autophagy have been shown to interact with apoptosis signaling pathways in mammalian cells.

Figure 4

Autophagosome formation requires two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems: the Atg8 (LC3) conjugation system and the Atg5–Atg12 conjugation system. Conjugation of LC3 with PE is a major indicator of autophagosome formation. Our recent studies indicate a possible pro-apoptotic interaction of LC3B with the Fas-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway in the CS exposure model [18]. Atg5 possibly links to cell death through interaction with FADD. A calpain-dependent truncation production of Atg5 (tAtg5) may act as a pro-apoptotic factor. Beclin 1 forms binding complexes with anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. These interactions generally inhibit autophagy by suppressing Beclin 1-dependent signaling and may influence the outcome of autophagy-associated cell death.

FADD: Fas-associated death domain; LC: Light chain; PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine.