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Average GRF never exceeded body weight during successful ascents, independent of age (age indicated by size of shapes) in brush turkeys (red circles) or chukar (grey squares), but generally was oriented against gravity so as to provide weight support. With increasing ramp angle, the larger (older) brush turkeys failed, and only the hatchling was able to ascend the 110° ramp. Curved arrows represent average stroke-plane angle (measured at mid-downstroke) for the youngest bird.
