Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Quartiles of Total Carotenoids,1 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994
| Total Carotenoids2 Quartile (µmol/L) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Quartile 1 <1.01 (N=3,567) |
Quartile 2 1.01–1.32 (N=3,110) |
Quartile 3 1.33–1.75 (N=3,300) |
Quartile 4 >1.75 (N=3,316) |
P3 |
| Age (Years), mean | 42.1 (0.5) | 40.2 (0.5) | 42.7 (0.5) | 47.0 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 48.7 (1.5) | 48.3 (1.2) | 52.1 (1.5) | 56.1 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity, % | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 77.4 (1.8) | 78.4 (1.3) | 76.2 (1.7) | 74.2 (1.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.3 (1.0) | 10.2 (0.7) | 9.6 (0.7) | 10.0 (0.7) | 0.01 |
| Mexican American | 8.7 (1.2) | 8.6 (0.8) | 10.5 (1.1) | 10.3 (1.2) | |
| Other | 2.6 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.8) | 5.5 (1.0) | |
| Married, % | 56.9 (1.8) | 61.3 (1.5) | 66.4 (1.4) | 65.0 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| High School Graduate, % | 69.0 (1.3) | 77.5 (1.2) | 80.8 (1.3) | 81.6 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol Consumption, % | |||||
| <1 Drinks/Day | 86.4 (1.1) | 89.6 (0.9) | 91.3 (0.7) | 90.1 (1.1) | |
| 1–2 Drinks/Day | 10.2 (1.0) | 8.0 (0.8) | 7.3 (0.6) | 8.8 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| >2 Drinks/Day | 3.5 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | |
| Current Smoker, % | 43.2 (1.7) | 34.9 (1.3) | 24.2 (1.5) | 12.9 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Multivitamin/Multimineral Use, % | 23.0 (1.4) | 30.9 (1.1) | 32.5 (1.4) | 41.6 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Physical Activity Level, % | |||||
| High | 15.6 (1.2) | 21.7 (1.4) | 24.8 (1.4) | 27.5 (1.8) | |
| Moderate | 52.7 (1.7) | 54.5 (1.4) | 53.8 (1.3) | 51.3 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Low | 31.7 (1.5) | 23.8 (1.5) | 21.4 (1.3) | 21.1 (1.4) | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean | 27.7 (0.2) | 26.3 (0.1) | 25.9 (0.1) | 25.4 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg), mean | 74.5 (0.3) | 74.3 (0.3) | 73.6 (0.3) | 73.9 (0.2) | 0.17 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg), mean | 122.7 (0.5) | 120.4 (0.5) | 119.9 (0.5) | 121.8 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean | 186.7 (1.5) | 195.7 (1.3) | 206.4 (1.1) | 221.0 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean | 47.8 (0.4) | 49.4 (0.4) | 51.0 (0.5) | 55.1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| C-Reactive Protein ≥ 0.22 mg/dL, % | 36.7 (1.8) | 26.4 (1.5) | 23.2 (1.2) | 21.9 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive Medications Use, % | 11.1 (0.9) | 8.7 (0.8) | 8.9 (0.7) | 12.3 (0.9) | 0.001 |
| Cholesterol-Lowering Medications Use, % | 2.3 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.4) | 2.8 (0.4) | 0.15 |
| Congestive Heart Failure, % | 1.8 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.2) | 0.85 |
| Cancer, % | 5.5 (0.6) | 7.2 (0.8) | 6.4 (0.5) | 8.4 (0.6) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes, % | 5.1 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.4) | 4.5 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.4) | 0.03 |
| Emphysema, % | 2.6 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.04 |
| Stroke, % | 1.8 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.3) | 0.49 |
1
Data are given as mean (standard error) or % (standard error)
2
Total carotenoids: sum of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein+zeaxanthin
3
P-values calculated using survey-weighted analysis of variance for continuous variables and Wald tests for categorical variables [30]