Table 1.
Publication | Population | Sample size |
Study purpose | Definition of drug use | Definition of AIDS-related mortality |
Adjusted measure of effect § |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohen, 2002* | Women | 2,059 | To examine the causes of AIDS and non-AIDS mortality | Non-injection cocaine or heroin use | Death due to AIDS-defining illness, or non-specific infection or organ failure with last CD4<200 | Drug use vs. no use: IRR=1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
Cook, 2004*,¶ | Women | 1,716 | To examine associations between depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality | Use of crack, cocaine or heroin at anytime during the study | Same as above | Drug use vs. no use: HR=0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
Cook, 2008* | Women | 1,686 | To examine the association between patterns of crack use and AIDS mortality | Repeated measures of frequency of crack use in the past 6 months over study period | Same as above | Intermittent vs. no use: HR=0.93, p ≥0.05 Persistent vs. no use: HR=3.61, p<0.001 |
Anastos, 2005*,¶ | Women | 961 | To determine association between race and cART treatment effects | Current use of cocaine, heroin, or crack | Same as above | Current drug use vs. no use: HR=2.35, p<0.05 |
Kapadia, 2005* | Women | 1,046 | To evaluate association of NIDU and HIV disease progression | Non-injection use of depressants (alcohol, marijuana, heroin), stimulants (crack, cocaine), or both (polydrug) | Same as above | Depressant vs. no use: HR=0.95 (0.66, 1.37) Stimulant vs. no use: HR=1.65 (0.85, 3.20) Polydrug vs. no use: HR=0.89 (0.59, 1.31) |
Frequency of any non-injection drug use | Former vs. never use: HR=1.27 (0.82, 1.96) Inconsistent vs. never use: HR=0.99 (0.66, 1.50) Consistent vs. never use: HR=1.42 (0.87, 2.33) |
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Ickovics, 2001¶ | Women | 765 | To determine association between depressive symptoms and HIV-related mortality | Non-injection use of crack or cocaine, injection drug use, or both during the study period | HIV-related deaths were identified via review of medical records, no other details provided | Both non-injection crack/cocaine use and injection drug use were unassociated with HIV-related mortality in univariate analyses (p<0.05). |
Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS);
Women and Infant Transmission Study (WITS);
Drug use was not primary exposure being assessed;
Variables included as covariates in the multivariable models:
Cohen 2002: age, alcohol, ART/cART, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, IDU (history), IDU (recent use), race, smoking, viral load.
Cook 2004: adherence, age, CD4 count, depression, education, employment, ART/cART use, income, marital status, mental health service utilization, race, residential status, study site, symptoms, viral load.
Cook 2008: age, CD4 count, education, income, race, study site, viral load, year of HIV diagnosis.
Anastos 2005: adherence, age, CD4 count, depression, ART/cART, HIV exposure, income, prior AIDS defining event, race, smoking, treatment naïve prior to cART initiation, viral load.
Kapadia 2005: age, CD4 count, emergency room visit in last 2 months, cART use, viral load.