Table 1.

Cohort studies on the association between non-injection drug use and risk of AIDS-related mortality

Publication	Population	Sample size	Study purpose	Definition of drug use	Definition of AIDS-related mortality	Adjusted measure of effect §
Cohen, 2002*	Women	2,059	To examine the causes of AIDS and non-AIDS mortality	Non-injection cocaine or heroin use	Death due to AIDS-defining illness, or non-specific infection or organ failure with last CD4<200	Drug use vs. no use: IRR=1.3 (0.9, 1.8)
Cook, 2004*,¶	Women	1,716	To examine associations between depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality	Use of crack, cocaine or heroin at anytime during the study	Same as above	Drug use vs. no use: HR=0.9 (0.6, 1.4)
Cook, 2008*	Women	1,686	To examine the association between patterns of crack use and AIDS mortality	Repeated measures of frequency of crack use in the past 6 months over study period	Same as above	Intermittent vs. no use: HR=0.93, p ≥0.05 Persistent vs. no use: HR=3.61, p<0.001
Anastos, 2005*,¶	Women	961	To determine association between race and cART treatment effects	Current use of cocaine, heroin, or crack	Same as above	Current drug use vs. no use: HR=2.35, p<0.05
Kapadia, 2005*	Women	1,046	To evaluate association of NIDU and HIV disease progression	Non-injection use of depressants (alcohol, marijuana, heroin), stimulants (crack, cocaine), or both (polydrug)	Same as above	Depressant vs. no use: HR=0.95 (0.66, 1.37) Stimulant vs. no use: HR=1.65 (0.85, 3.20) Polydrug vs. no use: HR=0.89 (0.59, 1.31)
				Frequency of any non-injection drug use		Former vs. never use: HR=1.27 (0.82, 1.96) Inconsistent vs. never use: HR=0.99 (0.66, 1.50) Consistent vs. never use: HR=1.42 (0.87, 2.33)
Ickovics, 2001¶	Women	765	To determine association between depressive symptoms and HIV-related mortality	Non-injection use of crack or cocaine, injection drug use, or both during the study period	HIV-related deaths were identified via review of medical records, no other details provided	Both non-injection crack/cocaine use and injection drug use were unassociated with HIV-related mortality in univariate analyses (p<0.05).

^*Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS);

^**Women and Infant Transmission Study (WITS);

^¶Drug use was not primary exposure being assessed;

^§Variables included as covariates in the multivariable models:

Cohen 2002: age, alcohol, ART/cART, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, IDU (history), IDU (recent use), race, smoking, viral load.

Cook 2004: adherence, age, CD4 count, depression, education, employment, ART/cART use, income, marital status, mental health service utilization, race, residential status, study site, symptoms, viral load.

Cook 2008: age, CD4 count, education, income, race, study site, viral load, year of HIV diagnosis.

Anastos 2005: adherence, age, CD4 count, depression, ART/cART, HIV exposure, income, prior AIDS defining event, race, smoking, treatment naïve prior to cART initiation, viral load.

Kapadia 2005: age, CD4 count, emergency room visit in last 2 months, cART use, viral load.