Table 2.
Cohort studies on the association between non-injection drug use and risk of AIDS-defining event (ADE)
| Publication | Population | Sample size |
Study purpose | Definition of drug use | Definition of AIDS- defining event (1993 CDC case definition) |
Adjusted measure of effect§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cook, 2008* | Women | 1,686 | To examine the association between patterns of crack use and HIV disease progression | Repeated measures of frequency of crack use in the past 6 months over study period | New ADE excluding CD4 count <200 | Intermittent vs. no use: HR=1.57, p<0.001 Persistent vs. no use: HR=1.65, p<0.05 |
| Anastos, 2005*,¶ | Women | 961 | To determine association between race and cART treatment effects | Current use of cocaine, heroin, or crack | Same as above | Current drug use vs. no use: HR=1.49, p<0.05 |
| Kapadia, 2005* | Women | 701 | To evaluate association of NIDU and HIV disease progression | Non-injection use of depressants (alcohol, marijuana, heroin), stimulants (crack, cocaine), or both (polydrug) | Same as above | Depressant vs. no use: HR=1.19 (0.90, 1.58) Stimulant vs. no use: HR=2.04 (1.06, 3.94) Polydrug vs. no use: HR=1.65 (1.21, 2.25) |
| Frequency of any non-injection drug use | Former vs. never use: HR=1.56 (1.05, 2.32) Inconsistent vs. never use: HR=1.63 (1.15, 2.30) Consistent vs. never use: HR=2.51 (1.60, 3.96) |
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| Lucas, 2006 | Men and women | 1,851 | To assess longitudinal association of drug use with HIV disease progression | Frequency of heroin or cocaine use (any route) | New/recurring ADE | Intermittent (abstinent period) vs. no use: HR=1.3 (0.9, 1.8) Intermittent. (active period) vs. no use: HR=1.6 (1.2, 2.3) Persistent vs. no use: HR=1.9 (1.2, 2.8) |
| Hershow, 2005**,¶ | Pregnant women | 652 | To examine association of HCV coinfection and HIV disease progression | Self-reported cocaine, crack, heroin, or other opiate (including methadone) use; or any IDU; or positive urine for drugs | First ADE or all-cause mortality | Drug use in past year: HR=1.62 (0.81, 3.24) |
| Thorpe, 2004** | Pregnant women | 1,148 | To examine association of drug use and HIV disease progression | Self-reported cocaine, crack, heroin, or other opiate (including methadone) use; or any IDU; or positive urine for drugs | First ADE excluding CD4 count <200 | Drug use vs. no use: HR=1.65 (1.00, 2.72) |
Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS);
Women and Infant Transmission Study (WITS).
Drug use was not primary exposure being assessed
Variables included as covariates in the multivariable models:
Cook 2008: age, CD4 count, education, income, race, study site, viral load, year of HIV diagnosis.
Anastos 2005: adherence, age, CD4 count, depression, ART/cART, HIV exposure, income, prior AIDS defining event, race, smoking, treatment naïve prior to cART initiation, viral load.
Kapadia 2005: CD4 count, emergency room visit in last 2 months, cART use, viral load.
Lucas 2006: adherence, age, alcohol, CD4 count, gender, race, viral load.
Hershow 2005: age, CD4 percent, ART/cART, hepatitis C virus, viral load.
Thorpe 2004: age, CD4 percent, ART/cART, smoking, subsequent pregnancies