Table 2.

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) representing associations between CUDs in adolescence, psychosocial failure, and later MDD^a

Independent Variables	Dependent Variables		Sobelb (SE)
	Psychosocial failure (type varies by model)	MDD after 17
Model 1: Psychosocial failure (any)
CUD at 17	3.66*** (2.20–6.08)
Psychosocial failure		1.97** (1.32–2.94)
CUD at 17 adjusting for psychosocial  failure		2.54** (1.40–4.60)	2.78** (.32)
Model 2: Educational/occupational failure
CUD at 17	3.17** (1.71–5.91)
Educational/occupational failure		1.82* (1.06–3.13)
CUD at 17 adjusting for  educational/occupational failure		2.79** (1.54–5.09)	1.86§ (.37)
Model 3: Crime
CUD at 17	5.40*** (3.12–9.36)
Crime		1.87** (1.16–3.01)
CUD at 17 adjusting for crime		2.54** (1.38–4.68)	2.37* (.45)

^§p=.06;

^*p<.05;

^**p<.01;

^***p<.001;

MDD=major depressive disorder; CUD=cannabis use disorder; SE=standard error. The prevalences of the variables in this table are: CUD by 17=6.6%; MDD after 17=13.9%; any psychosocial failure=21.3%; educational/occupational failure=7.8%; crime=15.6%.

^aall models adjust for MDD by age 17 and gender

^bvalues presented are the Sobel test statistic and its associated standard error, with the significance level indicated by accompanying asterisks.