Table 2. Electrokinetic cell fractionation/isolation.

Application	Cell Type Modeled	Cell Type Used	Carrier Media	Off-line Processing	Experimental Parameters	Efficiency	Enrichment	Purity	DEP Technique	Reference
	L. monocytogenes	L. innocua	DI water, 2 μS/cm; 105 cells/mL	Cell counting	1 Vpp, 50 kHz	90%	–	–	IDA	Li and Bashir (2002)
Pathogen detection	L. monocytogenes	L. monocytogenes	DI water, 1-15 μS/cm; 102-103 cells/mL	Cell counting	0.2 μL/min, 800 μm/s; 20 Vpp, 1 MHz	87-92%	–	–	IDA + IC	Yang et al. (2006)
	B. anthracis	B. subtilis	DI water, 5×10−4S/m; 3.8×106 cells/mL	Measure absorbance	100 μL/min; 40 Vpp, 100 kHz	–	9×	–	IDA	Gadish and Voldman (2006)
	B. anthracis	B. subtilis	DI water, 7.6 mS/m; 9.9×107 spores/mL, 2.1×107 diesel particles/mL	Hemacytometer	0.5-4 mL/hr, 94 μm/s; 10 Vpp, 1 MHz	na	na	≤ 60%	IDA	Fatoyinbo et al. (2007)
	B. anthracis	B. anthracis	DI water, 2-3 μS/cm; 107-109 spores/mL	Cell counting	0.2 μL/min, 40 cm/min; 20 Vpp, 100 kHz	90%	na	na	IDA	Liu et al. (2007b)
	Plasmodium falciparum	Malaria-infected erythrocytes	Sucrose buffer, 22-55 mS/m; 107 cells/mL	Cell counting	5Vpp, 200 kHz	90%	50-200×	na	Castellated	Gascoyne et al. (2002)
	na	B. cereus, E. coli, L. monocytogenes	Mannitol + PBS, 180 μS/cm; 4 μL blood + 1 μL of 106 B. cereus or 7×105 E. coli or 106 L. monocytogenes	PCR amplification	10 Vpp, 10 kHz	≤97%	na	na	Castellated	Huang et al. (2003)
	na	E. coli	DI water, 10-20 μS/cm; 105 cells/mL	Cell counting	100 Pa; 2000 V/cm	90+%	3000×	na	iDEP	Lapizco-Encinas et al. (2005)
	na	E. coli	PBS, 0.5 mS/m; 9.3×103 cells/mL	Cell counting	100 μL/min; 128 V/mm, 300 kHz	66%	na	na	iDEP	Cho et al. (2009)
Cancer cell isolation	Lung cancer	A549-luc-C8	DMEM buffer, 72 μS/cm	Flow cytometry	3 μL/min; 15 Vpp, 16 MHz	81-84%	na	na	Castellated	Tai et al. (2007)
	Breast cancer	MDA231	Sucrose buffer; 107 malignant, 3×107 normal cells/mL	Cell counting	5 Vpp, 200 kHz	na	na	95%	Castellated	Becker et al. (1995)
	Breast cancer	MDA-435	Sucrose buffer, 56 mS/m; 5×106 cells/mL, 2:3 ratio of MDA-435:RBCs	Cell counting	0.5 mL/min, 780 μm/s; 1.4 Vpp, 5 kHz	na	na	98%	FFF	Yang et al. (1999)
	Breast cancer	MDA-435, -468, -231 cells	Sucrose buffer, 30 mS/m; 105-106 cells/mL, 1:1000 ratio of tumor cell to PBMNs	Cell counting	1.5 mL/min; 2.8 Vpp, 60 kHz	≤92%	na	na	FFF	Gascoyne et al. (2009)
	Breast cancer	MDA-435, CD34+ stem cells	Sucrose buffer, 10 mS/m; 106 cells/mL, 3:2 ratio of CD34+ to MDA-435	Flow cytometry	2 mL/min; 4 Vpp, 40 kHz	na	na	96-99%	FFF	Huang et al. (1999)
	Breast cancer	MDA-MB-231	PBS, 100-200 mS/m; 106 cells/mL	Flow cytometry	200-400 μL/hr; 20 Vpp, 500 kHz	na	4.4×	96%	Angled electrodes	Kim et al. (2007)
	Leukemia	THP-1	Sucrose buffer, 110-115 μS/cm; 106 cells/mL	Cell counting	0.02 mL/hr, 222 μm/s; 20-50 Vrms, 200-500 kHz	90+%	na	na	Contactless DEP	Shafiee et al. (2010)
Blood fractionation or enrichment	Leukocytes	Leukocytes	Sucrose buffer, 10 mS/m; 2×106 cells/mL, 1:1 ratio	Flow cytometry	2 mL/min; 4Vpp, 20-50 kHz	na	na	87-98%	FFF	Yang et al. (2000)
	Leukocytes	Leukocytes	GIT medium, 13 mS/cm; 5×106 cells/mL	Cell counting	1.5 μL/min; 20 Vpp, 1 MHz	80%	na	na	FFF + IC	Hashimoto et al. (2009)
	Leukocytes	MDA-435, CD34+ stem cells	Sucrose buffer, 10 mS/m; Separation: 1.2×106 cells/mL, Leukocyte enrichment: 5×106 cells/mL	Flow cytometry	Separation: 2 mL/min, Leukocyte enrichment: 0.5 mL/min; 4 Vpp, 40 kHz	55-75%	na	92-99%	FFF	Wang et al. (2000)
	Malaria	Erythrocytes infected with B. bovis	PBS, 60 mS/m	Cell counting	500 μm/s; 4.7-9 Vrms, 90 kHz-4 MHz	na	7×	na	FFF	Braschler et al. (2008)
	Malaria	Erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum	Sucrose buffer, 0.055 S/m; 2000 cells with 5% parasitized cells	Cell counting	3 Vpp, 2 MHz	na	1000×	90%	twDEP	Gascoyne et al. (2002)
	Platelets	Concentrated platelets + whole blood	Sucrose buffer, 50 mS/m; 107 cells/mL	Flow cytometry	150 μL/hr; 6.6 mm/s; 100 Vpp, 1 MHz	na	5.3×	95%	Angled electrodes	Pommer et al. (2008)