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Rectified electro-osmotic flow device and its mechanism. (a) Schematic of the microchannel device used. (b) Driving and gate electrode polarization during the first half cycle. The electro-osmotic flow velocity is enhanced over the native state due to the accumulation of positive ions near the surface. (c) Driving and gate electrode polarization during the second half cycle. The electro-osmotic flow is reduced or even reversed due to the accumulation of negative ions near the surface.
