Table 1.
Demographic, lifestyle, clinical, hemodynamic and biochemical characteristics in smokers and non-smokers
| Non-smokers | Smokers | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 55 (3) | 53 (3) | 0.23 |
| Education | 14 (2) | 14 (0.06) | 0.001 |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 30 (5) | 28 (5) | 0.90 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94 (0.06) | 0.96 (.06) | 0.15 |
| Physical Activity | 7.30 (2) | 6.74 (2) | 0.007 |
| Married, n (%) | 241 (84%) | 43 (60%) | <0.001 |
| Employed, n (%) | 235 (82%) | 51 (71%) | 0.07 |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 101 (17) | 99 (21) | 0.29 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 130 (16) | 128 (14) | 0.47 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81 (11) | 79 (11) | 0.11 |
| Blood Lipids, mg/dL | |||
| Total Triglycerides | 178 (96) | 190 (115) | 0.50 |
| Total cholesterol | 186 (38) | 186 (38) | 0.64 |
| HDL cholesterol | 39 (10) | 39 (10) | 0.83 |
| LDL cholesterol | 122 (34) | 122 (34) | 0.54 |
| Previous coronary heart disease, n (%) | 20 (7%) | 15 (21%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 27 (9%) | 6 (8%) | 0.56 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 97 (34%) | 26 (37%) | 0.75 |
| Use of statins, n (%) | 72 (25%) | 19 (26%) | 0.43 |
| Use of aspirin, n (%) | 32 (11%) | 10 (14%) | 0.65 |
| Inflammatory biomarkers | |||
| IL-6 | 2.62 (6.83) | 3.84 (3.58) | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP | 2.98 (13.7) | 3.38 (4.70) | 0.13 |
| Oxidative Stress biomarkers | |||
| FORT Test | 293.1 (59.1) | 321.1 (69.22) | <0.001 |
| GSH | 2.06 (2.60) | 1.71 (1.60) | 0.36 |
| GSSG | 0.11 (0.37) | 0.11 (0.29) | 0.38 |
| GSH/GSSG | 42.25 (43.66 | 50.66 (63.6) | 0.26 |
| Zygosity | |||
| Monozygotic | 164 (57%) | 40 (56%) | 0.74 |
| Dizygotic | 124 (43%) | 32 (44%) |
Unless otherwise started, values presented are means (SD). P-values are obtained from mixed models that included a random intercept for pair.