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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jan 21;215(2):500–506. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.012

Table 4.

Relationship between cigarette smoking and CFR, after adjustment for inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.

% difference
in CFR in smokers
vs. nonsmokers		 p-value
 Base model* −16.8 <0.001
Further adjusted for biomarkers†:
    IL-6 −14.0 <0.001
    hs-CRP −15.5 <0.001
    FORT −17.6 <0.001
    GSH −17.8 <0.001
    GSSG −17.5 <0.001
    GSH/GSSG −18.6 <0.001

Abbreviations: CFR: coronary flow reserve; IL-6: interleukin-6, hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; FORT: free oxygen radical test assay; GSH: glutathione; GSSG: oxidized form of GSH; GSH/GSSG: defined as the ratio of GSH to GSSG

All values presented are % difference between smokers and non-smokers derived from mixed models that included a random intercept for pair.

*

Adjusted for coronary risk factors: age, body mass index (BMI), previous history of coronary heart disease, plasma lipids (high, total, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol); use of aspirin and use of statins.

†

Adjusted for coronary risk factors (same factors as in Table 3), inflammatory biomarkers IL-6 or hsCRP, and oxidative stress biomarkers: oxidized free radicals determined by the free oxygen radical test assay, GSH, GSSG, or GSG/GSSG