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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jan 21;215(2):500–506. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.012

Table 5.

Relationship between cigarette smoking and CFR within twin pairs discordant for smoking.

Non-Smokers
(N=46)
Mean
(95%CI)		 Smokers
(N=46)
Mean
(95%CI)		 Within-Pair Difference
Mean ±
SE		 % p
Unadjusted
2.63
(2.42, 2.83)		 2.23
(2.02, 2.45)		 0.39± 0.13 −14.8 <0.001
Adjusted for Coronary Risk Factors and Medications*
2.66
(2.37, 2.96)		 2.24
(1.95, 2.53)		 0.42 ± 0.16 −15.8 0.03
Further adjusting for IL-6 and oxidized free radicals†
2.59
(2.33, 2.84)		 2.23
(1.97, 2.44)		 0.36 ± 0.15 −13.9 0.04

Abbreviations: CFR: coronary flow reserve; IL-6: interleukin-6

All values presented are least square means (95% Confidence Interval) derived from mixed models that included a random intercept for pair.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is defined as the ratio of MBFhyperemia to MBFrest.

*

Adjusted for coronary risk factors: age, body mass index (BMI), plasma lipids (high, total, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol); use of aspirin and use of statins, and summed stress score.

†

Adjusting for coronary risk factors, inflammatory biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6), and oxidized free radicals determined by the free oxygen radical test assay (FORT).