Table 1.

Changes in expression of CRF-related peptides in the inflamed GI tract.

Protein	Organ/cell type	Inflammation	Expr. level		Species	Effect	References
			mRNA	Prot.
CRF
	Ileum	C. Difficile toxin A	X	X	Mouse	↑ After 60 min, pro-inflammatory	Wlk et al. (2002)
	Cecum
	Inflammatory cells, mesenchymal cells, myenteric plexus	Peptidoglycan-polysaccharides	X	X	Rat	↑	van Tol et al. (1996)
	Colon	Lipopolysaccharides	X		Rat	↑	Yuan et al. (2010)
	ENS	Lipopolysaccharides		X	Rat	↑	Yuan et al. (2010)
	Inflammatory cells, epithelium	Ulcerative colitis	X	X	Human	↑ In monocytes, not in epithelium	Kawahito et al. (1994)
UCN1
	Stomach
	Epithelium, inflammatory cells	H. pylori gastritis	X	X	Human	↑ Mainly during regression	Chatzaki et al. (2003)
	Colon
	Lamina propria immune cells and mucosal cells near base of crypts	Ulcerative colitis	X	X	Human	↑ With severity of inflammation, ↓ in glucocorticoid-treated patients	Saruta et al. (2004)
UCN2
	Colon	TNBS Colitis	X		Rat	↑ In early phase, control levels in middle phase, ↑ in late phase	Chang et al. (2007)
	Muscle layers: myenteric plexus, fibroblasts	TNBS Colitis		X	Rat	Fibrosis, ↓ in myenteric plexus	Chang et al. (2007)
	Lamina propria: inflammatory cells, fibroblasts	TNBS Colitis		X	Rat	↑, Fibrosis	Chang et al. (2007)
	Mucosa	Fetal human intestine xenograft in mice + C. difficile toxin A	X		Human/mouse	↑ After 6 h due to infiltrating immune cells	Moss et al. (2007)
		Colitis ulcerosa, Crohn's disease	X		Human	↑ In active colitis	Moss et al. (2007)
CRF1
	Ileum
	Lamina propria and epithelium	C. difficile toxin A	X		Mouse	↑ After 30–60 min.	Wlk et al. (2002)
	Colon
	Lamina propria immune cells	Ulcerative colitis	X			↑	Saruta et al. (2004)
CRF2
	Ileum
	Lamina propria and epithelium	C. difficile toxin A	X	X	Mouse	↑ After 30–60 min.	Wlk et al. (2002)
	Colon	TNBS colitis	X			↓ In early phase, control levels in middle phase and late phase	Chang et al. (2007)
	Myenteric plexus	TNBS colitis		X	Rat	↓	Chang et al. (2007)
	Lamina propria immune cells	Ulcerative colitis	X		Human	↑	Saruta et al. (2004)
		TNBS colitis		X	Rat	Infiltrating macrophages, decreased after early stage
	Mucosa	Fetal human intestine xenograft in mice + C. difficile toxin A	X		Human/mouse	↑ After 6 h	Moss et al. (2007)
		Colitis ulcerosa, Crohn's disease	X	X	Human	↑ In active colitis	Moss et al. (2007)