Fig. 8.
The level of CD39 expression and activity modulates neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerve endings. The scheme shows that depolarization (e.g., by K+ or ATP) and ischemia elicit the release of ATP and catecholamine neurotransmitters (i.e., dopamine) from a model of sympathetic nerve terminal (i.e., PC12 cells). Released ATP activates ionotropic P2X receptors, furthering the release of ATP and dopamine by an action that is controlled by the catabolic action of E-NTPDase1/CD39.