Table 5.
Effect of probiotics on acute post exercise cytokine response (factor changes)
| Probiotic group (mean ×/÷ SD) |
Placebo group (mean ± SD) |
Ratio effect of probiotic treatment relative to placebo (mean; 99% CI) |
Qualitative inference |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | ||||
| Anti-inflammatory | ||||
| IL-1ra | 0.84 ×/÷ 2.42 | 1.39 ×/÷ 1.42 | 0.60; 0.41 to 0.88 | Very Likely ↓ |
| IL-10 | 0.95 ×/÷ 1.69 | 1.16 ×/÷ 1.44 | 0.78: 0.61 to 0.99 | Possible ↓ |
| Immuno-regulatory | ||||
| IL-6 | 0.92 ×/÷ 2.14 | 1.22 ×/÷ 2.1 | 0.75; 0.51 to 1.1 | Likely ↓ |
| Pro-inflammatory | ||||
| IL-8 | 0.80 ×/÷2.46 | 0.87 ×/÷ 2.02 | 0.71; 0.60 to 1.25 | Unclear |
| GM-CSF | 0.78 ×/÷ 2.66 | 1.75 ×/÷ 2.20 | 0.45; 0.28 to 0.72 | Very Likely ↓ |
| IFN-γ | 1.2 ×/÷ 2.30 | 1.49 ×/÷ 2.10 | 0.81; 0.54 to 1.21 | Likely ↓ |
| TNF-α | 1.27 ×/÷ 2.02 | 1.66 ×/÷ 2.22 | 0.77; 0.51 to 1.14 | Likely ↓ |
| Females | ||||
| Anti-inflammatory | ||||
| IL-1ra | 0.80 ×/÷ 2.44 | 1.88 ×/÷ 2.16 | 0.42; 0.23 to 0.78 | Very Likely ↓ |
| IL-10 | 0.89 ×/÷ 1.84 | 1.45 ×/÷ 2.03 | 0.61; 0.38 to 1.0 | Possible ↓ |
| Immuno-regulatory | ||||
| IL-6 | 0.71 ×/÷ 2.93 | 2.29 ×/÷ 4.8 | 0.31; 0.11 to 0.84 | Likely ↓ |
| Pro-inflammatory | ||||
| IL-8 | 0.71 ×/÷ 2.7 | 1.15 ×/÷ 2.5 | 0.62; 0.30 to 1.27 | Probably ↓ |
| GM-CSF | 0.85 ×/÷ 2.75 | 3.3 ×/÷ 3.9 | 0.25; 0.10 to 0.64 | Very Likely ↓ |
| IFN-γ | 1.07 ×/÷ 2.8 | 1.56 ×/÷ 2.1 | 0.68; 0.47 to 1.0 | Likely ↓ |
| TNF-α | 1.15 ×/÷ 2.0 | 1.72 ×/÷ 1.8 | 0.67 0.47 to 0.94 | likely ↓ |
SD, factor standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
Smallest clinically important values for assessing effects qualitatively: ratios, × ÷1.20; differences, ± 0.5.