Table 2.

Differences between men and women in objective measures and participation limitation prior and after surgery

Variables	Women, N: 78 Mean (SD)	Men, N: 82 Mean (SD)	Statistics P values	Effect size (CI)
PRE-OPERATIVE
Strength*
(Elevation in scapular plane, lb)	2.9 (2)	6.95	-5.72	1.01
			< 0.0001	0.68-1.35
Pain limited Range of Motion*
(measured in 4 directions, 0-40)	19 (9.7)	23(10.0)	-2.55	0.40
			0.01	0.08-0.71
Participation limitation
• Low	29(37%)	43(52%)	χ²: 11.20,	_______
• Moderate	17(22%)	25(30%)	p = 0.004
• High	32(41%)	14(17%)
POST-OPERATIVE
Strength*
(Elevation in scapular plane, lb)	5.6 (3.5)	13(5.2)	-8.33	1.78
			< 0.0001	1.40-2.16
Pain limited Range of Motion*
(measured in 4 directions, 0-40)	28(11)	35(6)	-4.65	0.72
			< 0.0001	0.40-1.05
Participation limitation
• Low	49(65%)	69(85%)	χ²: 10.60,	_______
• Moderate	10(13%)	8(10%)	p = 0.005
• High	16(21%)	4(5%)

T Test (T values): used for normally distributed data

*Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test (Z values): used for skewed data

χ²: Chi-Square